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20-September-2008 09:55:52 - diet The introduction to this article may be too long. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. Read the layout guide and 's lead section guidelines for more information. Discuss this issue on the talk page This article has been tagged since August 2008. This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. December 2007 The blood type diet is a diet advocated by Peter D'Adamo, a naturopathic physician, and outlined in his book Eat Right 4 Your Type. Its basic premise is that ABO blood type is the most important factor in determining a healthy diet. Many dieticians, physicians, and nutritional scientists claim the theory lacks scientific evidence.1 Many critics contend that the cornerstone of his theory is D'Adamo's premise that lectins in foods react differently with each ABO blood type. Throughout his books he cites the works of various biochemists and glycobiologists who have researched blood groups, claiming or implying that their research supports this theory. In his book, Eat Right 4 Your Type, Lectins: The Diet Connection, and in following chapters, lectins which interact with the different ABO type antigens are described as incompatible and harmful, therefore the selection of different foods for A, AB, B, and O types to minimize reactions with these lectins. However, the author has repeatedly stated that the lectin connection to the Blood Type Diet is only one of the many links between foods and blood groups, and probably not more or less important than the myriad other distinctions between individuals phenotypically predisposed to a low protein/ complex carbohydrate diet group A versus a high protein/ low carbohydrate diet group O which result from the well-documented differences in secretory function among ABO and ABH secretor blood groups. 2 Contents 1 Description 2 Criticism 2.1 Evidence 2.2 Blood type evolution 3 Further reading 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 6.1 Criticism Description D'Adamo bases his ideas on the ABO classification of Karl Landsteiner and Jan Janský, and some of the many other tissue surface antigens and classification systems, in particular the Lewis antigen system for ABH secretor status. 3 The evolutionary theory of blood groups, which is also used by D'Adamo, stems from work by William C. Boyd, an immunochemist and blood type anthropologist who made a worldwide survey of the distribution of blood groups. In his book Genetics and the races of man: An introduction to modern physical anthropology, published in 1950, Boyd describes how by genetic analysis of blood groups, human races are populations that differ according to their alleles. On this basis, Boyd divided the world population into 13 geographically distinct races with slightly different frequency distributions of blood group genes. D'Adamo groups those thirteen races together by ABO blood group, each type within this group having unique dietary recommendations: Blood group O is believed by D'Adamo to be the hunter, the earliest human blood group. The diet recommends that this blood group eat a higher protein diet. Blood group A is called the cultivator by D'Adamo, who believes it to be a more recently evolved blood type, dating back from the dawn of agriculture. The diet recommends that individuals of blood group A eat a diet emphasizing vegetables and free of red meat, a more vegetarian food intake. Blood group B is, according to D'Adamo, the nomad, associated with a strong immune system and a flexible digestive system. The blood type diet claims that people of blood type B are the only ones who can thrive on dairy products. Blood group AB, per D'Adamo, the enigma, the most recently evolved type. In terms of dietary needs, his blood type diet treats this group as an intermediate between blood types A and B. Criticism D'Adamo's Blood Type Diet has met with several criticisms. Many of these criticisms are from authors, associations and websites espousing opposing diet theories, such as veganism. 4. D'Adamo addresses some of these criticisms on his website 5 Evidence One criticism of D'Adamo's hypotheses and recommendations claims that he provided inadequate evidence. For example, his first book, Eat Right 4 Your Type, published in 1997, contains only a bibliography. Most of his subsequent books, however, have been thoroughly referenced as far as his general theory. However, despite his providing general reasons for the classifications of various foods within his established categories of beneficials, neutrals and avoids, his specific process and reasons for reaching these conclusions of classification remain undocumented. D'Adamo claims there are many ABO specific lectins in foods,6 this claim is, for a number of his cited cases, unsubstantiated by established biochemical research, which has not found differences in how the lectins react with a given human ABO type. A common criticism is that lectins which are specific for a particular ABO type are not found in foods except for one or two rare exceptions, e.g. lima bean, and that lectins with ABO specificity are more frequently found in non-food plants or animals.78 The Nachbar Study is often cited as proof of D'Adamo's theories, because it reports that the edible parts of 29 of 88 foods tested, including common salad ingredients, fresh fruits, roasted nuts, and processed cereals were found to possess significant lectin-like activity as assessed by hemagglutination and bacterial agglutination assays. 9 However, almost all of the 29 foods agglutinated ALL ABO blood types, they were NOT ABO blood type specific. So, in fact, this study really supports the criticism that there are very few ABO blood type specific lectins in food. D'Adamo has remarked in the past that it is an oversimplification of his work with blood groups to simply apply the lectin-blood group specifics ad hoc to his work, since that would not be following the Blood Type Diet, but rather a lectin-avoidance diet. He as been quoted many times as saying that the Blood Type Diet is characterized more by what you eat rather than what you avoid, and that the lectin connection was only a part of a much larger picture. Whilst some lectin researchers, such as Arpad Pusztai have been critical of D'Adamo's theory10, others including Gerhard Uhlenbruck11 have embraced it.citation needed Another criticism is that there are no clinical trials of the Blood Type Diet. In his first book Eat Right 4 Your Type, D'Adamo mentions being in the eighth year of a 10 year cancer trial,12 but the results of this trial have never been published. In his book Arthritis: Fight It With the Blood type Diet, D'Adamo mentions an impending clinical trial of the Blood Type Diet in order to determine its effects on the outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis,13 but the results of this 12 week trial have never been published. There is a database of self-reported outcomes available from the author's website. As of July 2008. 6627 individuals have reported their results from following the Blood Type Diet for a period of one month or more, three out of four 71-78% had significant improvement in a variety of health conditions. The single most common reported improvement was with weight, followed by digestive function, improvement in pain, and increases in overall energy and vitality. The percentages are consistent across all the blood groups; group O n=3443 individuals following a high protein, low-carb diet reported positive results similar to group A n=1997 following a more low fat, plant-based diet 77% versus 78%14 These results, however, are self-reported, and include no reference to how this information was gathered. Blood type evolution In the article Genetic of the ABO blood system and its link with the immune system,15 Luiz C. de Mattos and Haroldo W. Moreira point out that D'Adamo's assertion that the O blood type was the first human blood type requires that the O gene evolved before the A and B genes in the ABO locus. Instead, phylogenetic networks of human and non-human ABO alleles show that the A gene was the first to evolve.16 The authors argue that, in the evolutionary sense, it would be extraordinary for normal genes those for types A and B to have evolved from abnormal genes for type O. Yamamoto et al. further note: Although the O blood type is common in all populations around the world,17 there is no evidence that the O gene represents the ancestral gene at the ABO locus. Nor is it reasonable to suppose that a defective gene would arise spontaneously and then evolve into normal genes. In May 2004, Transfusion18 published a study which concluded that: Assuming constancy of evolutionary rate, diversification of the representative alleles of the three human ABO lineages A101, B101, and O02 was estimated at 4.5 to 6 million years ago. This finding declares that ABO did not evolve in the near past, essentially contradicting that which D'Adamo suggests. However, the author has stated in the past that it is an oversimplification to characterize his description of the evolution of the blood groups as a matter of mutational selection, and that this often represents attempts to discr the theory by cherry-picking obfuscations that inevitably result when one is forced to depict scientifically complex material in context of a mass-market diet book. D'Adamo has been quite clear in the past that these conclusions were drawn from studies of the the epidemiologic effects of migration patterns and infectious disease susceptibility blood groups distribution.19 and the migration patterns, not natural selection via mutation in any Mendelian sense. 20 Further reading D'Adamo, P. with additional material by Catherine Whitney 1996. Eat Right 4 your Type. Putnam. ISBN 0-399-14255-X D'Adamo, P. with additional material by Catherine Whitney 2000. Live Right 4 your Type. Putnam. ISBN 0-399-14673-3 D'Adamo, P. with additional material by Catherine Whitney 2002. The Eat Right 4 Your Type Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. Riverhead. ISBN 1-57322-920-2 D'Adamo, P. Nontransfusion Significance of ABO and ABO-Associated Polymorphisms Chapter 43 In: Pizzorno JE, Murray MT Eds. Textbook of Natural Medicine, 3rd ion, Volume 1 2006 Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-07300-7 1 D'Adamo, P. Metabolic and immunologic consequences of ABH secretor and Lewis subtype status. Altern Med Rev. 2001 Aug;64:390-405. 2 See also List of diets Japanese blood type theory of personality References ^ Blood type diet: Any health benefits? From the Mayo Clinic website. ^ Pubmed D'Adamo, P. Metabolic and immunologic consequences of ABH secretor and Lewis subtype status. Altern Med Rev. 2001 Aug;64:390-405 ^ dadamo.com The Individualist ^ earthsave.org. Retrieved on August 18, 2006. ^ dadamo.com Peter D'Adamo: Responses to a Few Critics . Accessed July 28, 2008 ^ D'Adamo, P. 1996. Eat Right 4 your Type. Putnam. ISBN 0-399-14255-X, pg 23, Lectins: the diet connection ^ Els J.M. Van Damme, Willy Peumans, Arpad Pusztai, and Susan Bardocz. The Handbook of Plant Lectins: Properties and Biomedical Applications. New York, John Wiley Sons, 1998. ^ Sharon A, Sathyananda N, Shubharani R, Sharuraj M: Agglutination of Human Erythrocytes in Food and Medicinal Plants, Database of Medicinal Plants, published by the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology, May, 2000. ^ http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/33/11/2338.pdf Nachbar MS, and Oppenheim JD.Lectins in the United States diet: a survey of lectins in commonly consumed foods and a review of the literature.American journal of clinical nutrition, 1980;33:2338. ^ http://www.owenfoundation.com/Health_Science/Pusztai/btd/letters/010329_from.html Dr. Arpad Puztai's Comments About the Blood Type Diet ^ dadamo.com Gerhard Uhlenbruck The Individualist ^ D'Adamo, P. 1996. Eat Right for your Type. Putnam. ISBN 0-399-14255-X, pg 307, I am beginning the eighth year of a ten year trial on reproductive cancers, using the Blood Type Diets. My results are encouraging. So far, the women in my trial have double the survival rate published by the American Cancer Society. By the time I release the results in another 2 years, I expect to make it scientifically demonstrable that the Blood Type Diet plays a role in cancer remission. ^ D'Adamo, P., Arthritis: Fight it with the Blood Type Diet 2004 ISBN 0-399-15227-X, pg 300,IFHI is currently conducting a twelve-week randomized, double-blind, controlled trial implementing the Blood Type Diet, to determine its effects on the outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ^ dadamo.com The Individualist Data Center. ^ Genetic of the ABO blood system and its link with the immune system, Print ISSN 1516-8484, Publication of the Sociedade Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Sociedade Brasileira de Transplante de Medula Óssea, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1516-84842004000100012 ^ Saitou N, Yamamoto F. Evolution of primate ABO blood group genes and their homologous genes. Mol Biol Evol 1997; 44:399-411. ^ Mourant AE, Kopec AC, Domaniewska-Sobczak K. The distribution of the human blood groups and others polymorphisms. London: Oxford University Press, 1976. 140p. ^ Roubinet F, Despiau S, Calafell F, Jin F, Bertranpetit J, Saitou N, Blancher A. Evolution of the O alleles of the human ABO blood group gene. Transfusion.2004 May;445:707-15 ^ dadamo.com ABH secretion and natural selection The Individualist ^ dadamo.com Excluded Middle Peter D'Adamo Author's Blog External links The official website of the Blood Type Diet Dr. Peter D'Adamo's Blog Criticism Eat right 4 your Blood Type - another Diet Fad?. Dr. Arpad Pusztai comments on the Blood Type Diet. Quackwatch Book Review Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Blood_type_diet Categories: Blood | Diets | Diet and food fadsHidden categories: Cleanup from August 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | NPOV disputes from December 2007 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Lietuvių Nederlands Português Svenska This page was last modified on 18 August 2008, at 11:02
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