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20-September-2008 09:55:51 - Civil rights Rights Animal rights Children's rights Civil rights Claim rights and liberty rights Fathers' rights Group rights Human rights Inalienable rights Individual rights Labor rights LGBT rights Legal rights Men's rights Mothers' rights Natural rights Negative and positive rights Reproductive rights Right of self-defense Economic, social, and cultural rights Three generations Women's rights Workers' rights Youth rights This box: view talk Lyndon B. Johnson signs the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Lyndon B. Johnson signs the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Lyndon B. Johnson meets with civil rights leaders. Martin Luther King, Jr., Whitney Young, James Farmer, Jr. Lyndon B. Johnson meets with civil rights leaders. Martin Luther King, Jr., Whitney Young, James Farmer, Jr. Part of a series of articles on Discrimination General forms Racism · Sexism · Ageism Religious intolerance · Reverse discrimination · Xenophobia Specific forms Social Ableism · Adultism · Biphobia · Classism Elitism · Ephebiphobia · Gerontophobia Heightism · Heterosexism · Heterophobia Homophobia · Lesbophobia · Lookism Misandry · Misogyny · Pediaphobia · Sizeism · Transphobia Against ethnic groups American · Arab · Armenian Australian · Blacks · Canadian · Catalan Chinese · English · European · French German · Igbo · Indian · Iranian · Irish Italian · Japanese · Jewish Malay · Mexican · Native Americans Polish · Portuguese · Quebec · Roma Romanian · Russian · Scottish Serbian · Spanish · Turkish · Whites Against beliefs Atheism · Bahá'à · Catholicism Christianity · Hinduism · Judaism Mormonism · Islam · Neopaganism Protestantism New religious movements Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime Genocide examples · Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing · Pogrom · Race war Religious persecution · Blood libel Paternalism · Police brutality Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Hate groups · Ku Klux Klan Neo-Nazism · American Nazi Party South African National Party Supremacism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights Women's / Universal suffrage LGBT rights · Feminism Masculism · Men's / Fathers' rights Children's rights · Youth rights Disability rights Inclusion Autistic rights Policies Discriminatory Race Religion Sex segregation Apartheid · Group rights · Redlining Internment · Ethnocracy Numerus clausus · Ghetto benches Anti-discriminatory Emancipation · Civil rights Desegregation · Integration Equal opportunity · Gender equality Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action · Group rights Racial quota · Reservation India Reparation · Forced busing Employment equity Canada Black Economic Empowerment BEE Law Discriminatory Anti-miscegenation · Anti-immigration Alien and Sion Acts · Jim Crow laws Test Act · Apartheid laws Ketuanan Melayu · Nuremberg Laws Diyya Anti-discriminatory Anti-discrimination acts Anti-discrimination law 14th Amendment · Crime of apartheid Other forms Adultcentrism · Androcentrism · Colorism Cronyism · Ethnocentrism · Economic Genism · Gynocentrism · Linguicism Nepotism · Triumphalism Related topics Afrocentrism · American exceptionalism Bigotry · Black supremacy Diversity · Eugenics · Eurocentrism Multiculturalism · Oppression Political correctness · Prejudice Racialism · Reverse discrimination Stereotype · Supremacism Tolerance and intolerance Discrimination Portal This box: view talk Civil rights refers to two related but different terms. In civil law jurisdictions, a civil right is a right or power which can be exercised under civil law, which includes things such as the ability to contract. In civil law jurisdictions, lawsuits between private parties for things such as breach of contract or a tort are usually expressed in terms of infringement of a civil right. For example, Article 2 of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China defines a contract as an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing. In common law jurisdiction, the term civil right is distinguished from human rights or natural rights. Civil rights are rights that are bestowed by nations on those within their boundaries, while natural or human rights are rights that many scholars claim that individuals have by nature of being born. For example, the philosopher John Locke 1632-1704 argued that the natural rights of life, liberty and property should be converted into civil rights and protected by the sovereign state as an aspect of the social contract. Others have argued that people acquire rights as an inalienable gift from a deity such as God or at a time of nature before governments were formed. Laws guaranteeing civil rights may be written down, or derived from custom, or implied. In the United States and most continental European countries, civil rights laws are most often written. Examples of civil rights and liberties include the right to get redress if injured by another, the right to privacy, the right of peaceful protest, the right to a fair investigation and trial if suspected of a crime, and more generally-based constitutional rights such as the right to vote, the right to personal freedom, the right to freedom of movement and the right of equal protection. As civilizations emerged and formalized through written constitutions, some of the more important civil rights were granted to citizens. When those grants were later found inadequate, civil rights movements emerged as the vehicle for claiming more equal protection for all citizens and advocating new laws to restrict the effects of discrimination. Contents 1 Implied rights 2 By region 2.1 United States 2.2 Germany 3 See also 3.1 Agencies 3.2 People 3.3 Politics 3.4 Related topics 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Implied rights Implied rights are rights that a court may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom, on the theory that a written or customary right must necessarily include the implied right. One famous and controversial example of a right implied from the U.S. Constitution is the right to privacy, which the U.S. Supreme Court found to exist in the 1965 case of Griswold v. Connecticut. In the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the court found that state legislation prohibiting or limiting abortion violated this right to privacy. As a rule, state governments can expand civil rights beyond the U.S. Constitution, but they cannot diminish Constitutional rights. By region United States Civil rights can refer to protection against public government and or private sector discrimination. In the United States, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens against many forms of State discrimination, with its due process and equal protection requirements. Civil rights can also refer to protection against private actors or entities. The U.S. Congress subsequently addressed the issue through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Sec. 201. which states: a All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin or sex. This legislation and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 are constitutional under the Commerce Clause, as the Supreme Court has ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment only applies to the State. States generally have the power to enact similar legislation, provided that they meet the federal minimum standard, under the doctrine of police powers. The terms civil rights and civil liberties are often used interchangeably in the United States. Thomas Jefferson wrote, a free people claim their rights aived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate.1 The United States Constitution recognizes different civil rights than do most other national constitutions. Two examples of civil rights found in the US but rarely if ever elsewhere are the right to bear arms Second Amendment to the United States Constitution and the right to a jury trial Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Few nations, not even including a world organization body such as the United Nations, have recognized either of these civil rights. Many nations recognize an individual's civil right to not be executed for murdering another, a civil right not recognized within the US. Germany The civil rights are declared in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, especially in the articles 1 - 19. See also Agencies U.S. Commission on Civil Rights People Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. Roy Innis Steven Biko Benjamin Chavis Muhammad Cesar Chavez Bernice Fisher Rosa Parks Ella Baker Morris Dees Gerry Fitt John Hume J.D. DeBlieux Ronald Dworkin Fannie Lou Hamer Dick Heller T.R.M. Howard Winson Hudson Larry Kramer Corliss Lamont Robert A. Levy Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Omali Yeshitela Ralph Abernathy Frank M. Johnson, Jr. Muhammad Yunus Abraham Lincoln Politics American Civil Rights Movement 1896-1954 American Civil Rights Movement 1955-1968 Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement African American history - Black History List of anti-discrimination acts LGBT social movements Related topics Affirmative Action Anti-Semitism Apartheid Black Power Bloody Sunday - 1972, Northern Ireland Civil liberties Executive Order Number 11478 Fathers' rights Feminism Gay rights Human rights Inalienable rights Male abortion Masculism Men's rights Minority rights Mother's rights Natural rights Police Brutality Prisoners' rights Rights Second-class citizen Teaching for social justice Union Organizer Women's rights Notes ^ Thomas Jefferson: Rights of British America, 1774. ME 1:209, Papers 1:134 http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff0100.htm References Arendt, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism 1951 Hohfeld, W. N., Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, ed. by W.W. Cook 1919; reprint, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Basic Books. 1974. Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice Revised ion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 1999, ISBN 0-674-00077-3. Smith, Jean Edward Levine, Herbert M., Civil Liberties Civil Rights Debated, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988. External links The external links in this article may not follow 's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. Civil Rights Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Civil Rights entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Andrew Altman The Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project WDAS Radio's Enduring Impact on the Civil Rights Movement Images of the Civil Rights Movement in Florida Civil Rights Movement Veterans Guardians of Freedom - 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas, by ARMY.MIL Civil Rights.org Civil Rights Movement Study of the civil rights movement in America. video interview with Prof. Ahmad Rahman video interview with Prof. Gloria House Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Civil_rights Categories: Discrimination | Rights | Civil rights and liberties | Identity politicsHidden category: external links cleanup Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 19:03
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