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20-September-2008 09:55:47 - Collecting duct system Redirected from Collecting duct Collecting duct system Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. Latin tubulus renalis colligens Gray's subject #253 1223 MeSH Kidney+Collecting+Ducts Dorlands/Elsevier t_22/12830107 The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. Anatomically, there are several components of the collecting duct system, including the connecting tubules, cortical collecting ducts, and medullary collecting ducts. Contents 1 Function 2 Anatomy 2.1 Connecting tubule 2.2 Initial collecting tubule 2.3 Cortical collecting duct 2.4 Medullary collecting duct 2.4.1 Outer segment 2.4.2 Inner segment 2.5 Papillary duct 3 Cell types 3.1 Principal cells 3.2 Intercalated cells 4 Additional images 5 References 6 External links Function The collecting duct system is the last component of the kidney to influence the body's electrolyte and fluid balance. In humans, the system accounts for 4-5% of the kidney's reabsorption of sodium and 5% of the kidney's reabsorption of water. At times of extreme dehydration, over 24% of the filtered water may be reabsorbed in the collecting duct system. The wide variation in water reabsorption levels for the collecting duct system reflects its dependence on hormonal activation. The collecting ducts, particularly the outer medullary and cortical collecting ducts, are largely impermeable to water without the presence of antidiuretic hormone ADH, or vasopressin. In the absence of ADH, water in the renal filtrate is left alone to enter the urine, promoting diuresis. When ADH is present, aquaporins allow for the reabsorption of this water, thereby inhibiting diuresis. The collecting duct system participates in the regulation of other electrolytes, including chloride, potassium, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate. Anatomy The segments of the system are as follows: Segment Description connecting tubule initial collecting tubule Before convergence of nephrons cortical collecting ducts medullary collecting ducts papillary ducts, also known as duct of Bellini Connecting tubule Main article: Connecting tubule With respect to the renal corpuscle, the connecting tubule is the most proximal part of the collecting duct system. It is adjacent to the distal convoluted tubule, the most distal segment of the renal tubule. Connecting tubules from several adjacent nephrons merge to form cortical collecting tubules, and these may join to form cortical collecting ducts. Connecting tubules of some juxtamedullary nephrons may arch upward, forming an arcade. The connecting tubule derives from the metanephric blastema, but the rest of the system derives from the ureteric bud. Because of this, some sources group the connecting tubule as part of the nephron, rather than grouping it with the collecting duct system. Initial collecting tubule The initial collecting tubule is a segment with a constitution similar as the collecting duct, but before the convergence with other tubules.1 Cortical collecting duct The cortical collecting ducts receive filtrate from multiple initial collecting tubules and descend into the renal medulla to form medullary collecting ducts. Medullary collecting duct Medullary collecting ducts are divided into outer and inner segments, the latter reaching more deeply into the medulla. The variable reabsorption of water and, depending on fluid balances and hormonal influences, the reabsorption or secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ion continues here. Outer segment The outer segment of the medullary collecting duct follows the cortical collecting duct. It reaches the level of the renal medulla where the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle borders with the thin ascending limb of loop of Henle2 Inner segment The inner segment is the part of the collecting duct system between the outer segment and the papillary ducts. Papillary duct Main article: Papillary duct The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx. It is also called duct of Bellini. Cell types Each component of the collecting duct system contains two cell types, intercalated cells and a segment-specific cell type: For the connecting tubules, this specific cell type is the connecting tubule cell For the collecting ducts, it is the principal cell. The inner medullary collecting ducts contain an additional cell type, called the inner medullary collecting duct cell. Principal cells The principal cell mediates the collecting duct's influence on sodium and potassium balance via sodium channels and potassium channels located on the cell's apical membrane. Aldosterone determines expression of sodium channel transport ions,3 and Vasopressin determines the expression of aquaporin channels on the cell surface.4 Together, Aldosterone and vasopressin let the principal cell control the quantity of water which is reabsorbed. Intercalated cells Intercalated cells come in α and β varieties and participate in acid-base homeostasis. Type of cell Secretes Reabsorbs α-intercalated cells5 acid via an apical H+-ATPase and H+/K+ exchanger in the form of hydrogen ions bicarbonate via band 3, a basolateral Cl-/HCO3- exchanger β-intercalated cells bicarbonate via pendrin a specialised apical Cl-/HCO3- acid via a basal H+-ATPase For their contribution to acid-base homeostasis, the intercalated cells play important roles in the kidney's response to acidosis and alkalosis. Damage to the α-intercalated cell's ability to secrete acid can result in distal renal tubular acidosis RTA type I, classical RTA. Additional images Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected. Alpha intercalated cell cartoon References ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 837 ^ Physiology at MCG 7/7ch03/7ch03p19 - The Nephron: Collecting Duct ^ SpringerLink - Journal Article ^ Physiology at MCG 7/7ch07/7ch07p17 - Intercalated Cells Eaton, Douglas C., Pooler, John P. 2004. Vander's Renal Physiology, 6, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135728-9. External links Histology at KUMC epithel-epith04 Collecting Duct Kidney Histology at BU 15803loa - Urinary System: kidney, medulla, collecting duct and ascending tubule Histology at BU 16013loa - Urinary System: kidney, HE, collecting duct and ascending tubule v d e Urinary system - Kidney Layers Renal fascia Renal capsule Renal cortex Renal column Renal medulla Renal sinus, Renal pyramids, medullary interstitium Renal lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Afferent circulation Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radial arteries → Afferent arterioles → Renal corpuscle Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule Renal tubule Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle Descending, Thin ascending, Thick ascending → Distal convoluted tubule → Connecting tubule → Collecting ducts → Duct of Bellini → Renal papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter Efferent circulation Glomerulus → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries / Vasa recta → Arcuate vein → Interlobar veins → Renal vein Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium/Extraglomerular mesangial cell Filtration Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium/Intraglomerular mesangial cell Tubular fluid Renal physiology Acid base physiology Fluid balance Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Collecting_duct_system Categories: Kidney Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages 日本語 This page was last modified on 9 August 2008, at 06:2
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