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20-September-2008 09:55:54 - Glycoprotein Not to be confused with peptidoglycan. N-linked protein glycosylation N-glycosylation of N-glycans at Asn residues Asn-x-Ser/Thr motifs in glycoproteins. N-linked protein glycosylation N-glycosylation of N-glycans at Asn residues Asn-x-Ser/Thr motifs in glycoproteins.1 Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains glycans covalently attached to their polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are often important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell-cell interactions. Contents 1 N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation 2 Monosaccharides 3 Examples 4 Hormones 5 Functions 6 Analysis 7 References 8 See also 9 External links N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation There are two types of glycosylation: In N-glycosylation see on the right, the addition of sugar chains can happen at the amide nitrogen on the side chain of the asparagine. In O-glycosylation, the addition of sugar chains can happen on the hydroxyl oxygen on the side chain of hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, serine, or threonine. Monosaccharides The eight sugars contained in glycoproteins. The eight sugars contained in glycoproteins. Monosaccharides commonly found in eukaryotic glycoproteins include:2 The principal sugars found in human glycoproteins Sugar Type Abbreviation Galactose Hexose Gal Glucose Hexose Glc Mannose Hexose Man N-Acetylneuraminic acid Sialic acid nine C atoms NeuAc Fucose Deoxyhexose Fuc N-Acetylgalactosamine Aminohexase GalNAc N-Acetylglucosamine Aminohexase GlcNAc Xylose Pentose Xyl The sugar groups can assist in protein folding or improve proteins' stability. Examples One example of glycoproteins found in the body is mucins, which are secreted in the mucus of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The sugars attached to mucins give them considerable water-holding capacity and also make them resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes. Glycoproteins are important for white blood cell recognition, especially in mammals.citation needed Examples of glycoproteins in the immune system are: molecules such as antibodies immunoglobulins, which interact directly with antigens molecules of the major histocompatibility complex or MHC, which are expressed on the surface of cells and interact with T cells as part of the adaptive immune response. Other examples of glycoproteins include: glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, an integrin found on platelets that is required for normal platelet aggregation and adherence to the endothelium. components of the zona pellucida, which surrounds the oocyte, and is important for sperm-egg interaction. structural glycoproteins, which occur in connective tissue. These help bind together the fibers, cells, and ground substance of connective tissue. They may also help components of the tissue bind to inorganic substances, such as calcium in bone. Soluble glycoproteins often show a high viscosity, for example, in egg white and blood plasma. Hormones Hormones that are glycoproteins include: Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone human chorionic gonadotropin Alpha-fetoprotein Erythropoietin EPO Functions Some functions served by glycoproteins3 Function Glycoproteins Structural molecule Collagens Lubricant and protective agent Mucins Transport molecule Transferrin, ceruloplasmin Immunologic molecule Immunoglobins, histocompatibility antigens Hormone Chorionoic gonadotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Enzyme Various, eg, alkaline phosphatase Cell attachment-recognition site Various proteins involved in cell-cell eg, sperm-oocyte, virus-cell, bacterium-cell, and hormone cell interactions Antifreeze Certain plasma proteins of coldwater fish Interact with specific carbohydrates Lectins, selectins cell adhesion lectins, antibodies Receptor Various proteins involved in hormone and drug action Affect folding of certain proteins Calnexin, calreticulin Regulation of development Notch and its analogs, key proteins in development Hemostasis and thrombosis Specific glycoproteins on the surface membranes of platelets Analysis A variety of methods used in detection, purification, and structural analysis of glycoproteins are45 Some important methods used to study glycoproteins Method Use Periodic acid-Schiff stain Detects glycoproteins as pink bands after electrophoretic separation. Incubation of cultured cells with glycoproteins as radioactive decay bands Leads to detection of a radioactive sugar after electrophoretic separation. Treatment with appropriate endo- or exoglycosidase or phospholipases Resultant shifts in electrophoretic migration help distinguish among proteins with N-glycan, O-glycan, or GPI linkages and also between high mannose and complex N-glycans. Agarose-lectin column chromatography To purify glycoproteins or glycopeptides that bind the particular lectin used. Compositional analysis following acid hydrolysis Identifies sugars that the glycoprotein contains and their stoichiometry. Mass spectrometry Provides information on molecular mass, composition, sequence, and sometimes branching of a glycan chain. NMR spectroscopy To identify specific sugars, their sequence, linkages, and the anomeric nature of glycosidic chain. Methylation linkage analysis To determine linkage between sugars. Amino acid or cDNA sequencing Determination of amino acid sequence. References ^ Ruddock Molinari 2006 Journal of Cell Science 119, 4373-4380 ^ Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner Victor W. Rodwell: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry 27th Ed., p. 526, McGraw-Hill, 2006 ^ Ibid., p. 524 ^ Ibid., p. 525 ^ Anne Dell, Howard R Morris: Glycoprotein structure determination by mass spectrometry, Science 2915512, 2351-2356 2001, Review See also Proteoglycan Glycocalyx Gp120 Gp41 External links Structure of Glycoprotein and Carbohydrate Chain - Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry Biochemistry 5thE 11.3. Carbohydrates Can Be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology: A Web Tour SPECIAL WEB SUPPLEMENT Science 23 March 2001 Vol 291, Issue 5512, Pages 2263-2502 MeSH Glycoproteins v d e Protein: glycoproteins Activin - ADAM protein - Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin - Apolipoprotein H - CD70 - Asialoglycoprotein - Avidin - B-cell activating factor - 4-1BB ligand - Cholesterylester transfer protein - Clusterin - Colony-stimulating factor - Haemopexin - Inhibin - Lactoferrin - Membrane glycoproteins - Mucoprotein - Myelin protein zero - Osteonectin - Protein C - Protein S - Proteoglycan - Serum amyloid P component - Sialoglycoprotein CD43, Glycophorin, Glycophorin C - Thrombopoietin - Thyroglobulin - Thyroxine-binding proteins - Transcortin - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - Uteroglobin - Vitronectin v d e Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism - glycoprotein enzymes Anabolism Dolichol kinase Catabolism Neuraminidase - Beta-galactosidase - Hexosaminidase - mannosidase alpha-Mannosidase, beta-Mannosidase - Aspartylglucosaminidase - Fucosidase - NAGA Transport SLC17A5 M6P tagging N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase see also disorders v d e Inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism - Lysosomal storage diseases: glycoprotein metabolic pathology - Glycoproteinosis, including mucolipidosis E77, 272.7 Post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes I-cell disease/II - Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy/III Glycoprotein degradation Aspartylglucosaminuria - Fucosidosis - mannosidosis Alpha-mannosidosis, Beta-mannosidosis - Sialidosis/I Other Mucolipidosis type IV - Salla disease - Galactosialidosis see also enzymes Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Glycoprotein Categories: Metabolic disorders | Glycoproteins | CarbohydratesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since December 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית МакедонÑ?ки Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Occitan Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 July 2008, at 02:06
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