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20-September-2008 09:55:54 - Intraoperative blood salvage Intraoperative blood salvage, also known as autologous blood salvage, is a medical procedure involving recovering blood lost during surgery and re-infusing it into the patient. It has been used for many years and gained greater attention over time as risks associated with allogenic blood transfusion have seen greater publicity and more fully appreciated. Several medical devices have been developed to assist in salvaging the patient's own blood in the perioperative setting. These are used frequently in cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, in which blood usage has traditionally been high. With a greater effort to avoid adverse events due to transfusion there has also been an emphasis on blood conservation see bloodless surgery. Contents 1 Background 2 Bloodless options 3 Blood salvage procedures 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Background Providing safe blood for transfusion remains a challenge despite advances in preventing transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, AIDS/HIV, West Nile virusWNV, and transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. Human errors such as misidentifying patients and drawing blood samples from the wrong person present much more of a risk than transmissible diseases. Additional risks include transfusion-related acute lung injury, a potentially life-threatening condition with symptoms such as dyspnea, fever, and hypotension occurring within hours of transfusion transfusion related acute lung injury TRALI, and transfusion-associated immunomodulation,which may suppress the immune response and cause adverse effects such a small increase in the risk of postoperative infection. Other risks such as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease vCJD, an invariably fatal disease, remain worrisome. Blood centers worldwide have instituted criteria to reject donors who may have been exposed to vCJD. Screening for transmissible diseases and deferral policies for vCJD designed to improve safety have contributed to shrinking the donor pool. Blood shortages exist in the United States and worldwide. In many industrialized countries 5% or less of the eligible population are blood donors. As a result, the global medical community has increasingly moved from allogenic blood blood collected from another person towards autologous infusion, in which patients receive their own blood. Another impetus for autologous transfusion is the position of Jehovah's Witnesses on blood transfusion. For religious reasons, Jehovah's Witnesses will not accept any allogeneic transfusions from a volunteer's blood donation, but may accept the use of autologous blood salvaged during surgery to restore their blood volume and homeostasis during the course of an operation. Bloodless options Ways to avoid the adverse events associated with allogenic transfusion are often grouped under the umbrella term bloodless surgery. There are several so-called bloodless options. These include: Minimally invasive surgical techniques Erythropoietin a hormone that stimulates peripheral stem cells in the bone marrow to produce red blood cells Blood substitutes such as blood volume expanders and oxygen carriers the latter as yet unlicensed in North America Autologous blood donation, including pre-operative donation suitable only for scheduled surgery in which transfusion is anticipated and intraoperative autologous donation and blood salvage. Intraoperative blood salvage has been used for many years, especially in cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, where blood usage has traditionally been high. Blood salvage procedures Several processes have been developed to assist in salvaging the patient's own whole blood in the perioperative setting. These can be categorized into three general types of salvage procedures: Cell processors and salvage devices that wash and save red blood cells, i.e., cell washers or RBC-savers Direct transfusion Ultrafiltration of whole blood Regardless of manufacturer, there are many types of cell processors. Cell processors are red cell washing devices that collect anticoagulated shed or recovered blood, wash and separate the red blood cells RBCs by centrifugation, and reinfuse the RBCs. RBC washing devices can help remove byproducts in salvaged blood such as activated cytokines, anaphylatoxins, and other waste substances that may have been collected in the reservoir suctioned from the surgical field. However, they also remove viable platelets, clotting factors, and other plasma proteins essential to whole blood and homeostasis. The various RBC-savers also yield RBC concentrates with different characteristics and quality. Direct transfusion is a blood salvaging method associated with cardiopulmonary bypass CPB circuits or other extracorporeal circuits ECC that are used in surgery such as coronary artery bypass grafts CABG, valve replacement, or surgical repair of the great vessels. Following bypass surgery the ECC circuit contains a significant volume of diluted whole blood that can be harvested in transfer bags and re-infused into patients. Residual CPB blood is fairly dilute Hb = 6-9 g/dL; 60-90 g/L compared to normal values 12-18 g/dL; 120-180 g/L and can also contain potentially harmful contaminants such as activated cytokines, anaphylatoxins, and other waste substances that have been linked to organ edema and organ dysfunction and need a diuretic to reverse. Hemofiltration or ultrafiltration devices constitute the third major type of blood salvage appearing in operating rooms. In general, ultrafiltration devices filter the patient's anticoagulated whole blood. The filter process removes unwanted excess non-cellular plasma water, low molecular weight solutes, platelet inhibitors and some particulate matter through hemoconcentration, including activated cytokines, anaphylatoxins, and other waste substances making concentrated whole blood available for reinfusion. Hemofilter devices return the patient's whole blood with all the blood elements and fractions including platelets, clotting factors, and plasma proteins with a substantial Hb level. Presently, the only whole blood ultrafiltration device in clinical use is the Hemobag. These devices do not totally remove potentially harmful contaminants that can be washed away by most RBC-savers. However, the contaminants that are potentially reduced by using RBC-savers, as shown by data from in vitro laboratory tests, are transient and reversible in vivo with hemostatic profiles returning to baselines within hours. The key is that coagulation and homeostasis are immediately improved with the return of concentrated autologous whole blood. Over the years numerous studies have been done to compare these methods of blood salvage in terms of safety, patient outcomes, and cost effectiveness, often with equivocal or contradictory results12345. References ^ Boldt J, Zickmann B, Fedderson B, Herold C, Dapper F, Hempelmann G. May 1991. Six different hemofiltration devices for blood conservation in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 51 5: 747-53. PMID 2025077. ^ Sutton RG, Kratz JM, Spinale FG, Crawford FA Jr. October 1993. Comparison of three blood-processing techniques during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 56 4: 938-43. PMID 8215672. ^ Eichert I, Isgro F, Kiessling AH, Saggau W. June 2001. Cell saver, ultrafiltration and direct transfusion: comparative study of three blood processing techniques. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 49 3: 149-52. doi:10.1055/s-2001-14291. PMID 11432472. ^ Freischlag, Julie Ann 2004. Intraoperative blood salvage in vascular surgery - worth the effort?. Crit Care 8 Suppl 2: S53-S56. doi:10.1186/cc2409. ^ Beckmann SR, Carlile D, Bissinger RC, Burrell M, Winkler T, Shely WW. June 2007. Improved coagulation and blood conservation in the golden hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Extra Corpor Technol 39 2: 105-8. PMID 17672193. See also Bloodless surgery External links UK: Serious Hazards of Transfusion Reports pdf Transfusion-associated adverse events Anemia Institute Bloodless Medicine NATA, the Network for Advancement of Transfusion Alternatives NoBlood.Org Physicians and Nurses for Blood Conservation SABM, the Society for the Advancement of Blood Management v d e Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis Plasmapheresis, Plateletpheresis, Leukapheresis - Blood transfusion - Coombs test - Cross-matching - Exchange transfusion - International Society of Blood Transfusion - Intraoperative blood salvage - ISBT 128 - Transfusion reactions Human blood group systems - Blood type ABO - Chido-Rodgers - Colton - Cromer - Diego - Dombrock - Duffy - Gerbich - GIL - Hh - Ii - Indian - JMH - Kell Xk - Kidd - Knops - LW - Lewis - Lutheran - MNS - OK - P - Raph - Rh - Scianna - T-Tn - Xg - Yt - Other Blood products Blood donation - Blood substitutes - Cryoprecipitate - Platelets - Plasma - Red blood cells - Whole blood Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Intraoperative_blood_salvage Categories: Surgery | Transfusion medicine Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Português This page was last modified on 28 May 2008, at 17:59
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