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20-September-2008 09:55:49 - Minoxidil Minoxidil Systematic IUPAC name 6-piperidin-1-ylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide Identifiers CAS number 38304-91-5 ATC code C02DC01 D11AX01 PubChem 4201 DrugBank APRD00086 Chemical data Formula C9H15N5O Mol. mass 209.251 g/mol Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability ? Metabolism Primarily hepatic Half life 4.2 hours Excretion renal Therapeutic considerations Pregnancy cat. C Legal status PUK for topical use, otherwise POM Routes Oral / topical Minoxidil trade names Rogaine and Regaine is a vasodilator medication known for its ability to slow or stop hair loss and promote hair regrowth. It is available over the counter for treatment of androgenic alopecia, among other baldness treatments, but measurable changes disappear within months after discontinuation of treatment. Contents 1 History 2 Mechanism 3 Side-effects 4 Effects on animals 5 Application 6 References History Minoxidil was first used exclusively as an oral drug trade name Loniten to treat high blood pressure. It was, however, discovered to have the interesting side-effect of hair growth and reversing baldness, and in the 1980s, Upjohn Corporation produced a topical solution that contained 2% minoxidil to be used to treat baldness and hair loss, under the brand name Rogaine in the United States, and Regaine in Europe and the Asia-Pacific. Treatments usually include a 5% concentration solution that is designed for men, whereas the 2% concentration solutions are designed for women. The patent on minoxidil expired on February 13, 1996.1 In 2007 a new foam-based formulation of 5% minoxidil was shown to be as effective as the liquid-based treatment for male pattern baldness, which is preferable for most men.2 Mechanism The mechanism by which minodixil promotes hair growth is not fully understood. Minoxidil is a potassium channel agonist. It contains the chemical structure of nitric oxide NO, a blood vessel dilator, and may be a nitric oxide agonist. This appears to explain its vasodilatory effects, but may also be linked to minoxidil's ability to stimulate hair growth and treat hair loss. Since minoxidil is a nitric oxide-related compound, it was suspected to act via activation of guanylate cyclase, an enzyme involved in vasodilation, however there are no reports of cGMP or PKG activation to date.3 Minoxidil is less effective when there is a large area of hair loss. In addition, its effectiveness has largely been demonstrated in younger men 18 to 41 years of age and in those with balding in the central vertex portion of the scalp.4 Side-effects As a drug to combat hair loss, the most common side effect is itchy scalp. In some cases minoxidil may initially cause an increase in hair loss. This is called shedding and is seen as a long-term positive effect during hair loss treatment since the shedded hair strands will regrow within a few months with renewed strength. There have been cases of allergic reactions to minoxidil or the non-active ingredient propylene glycol, which is found in some forms of topical Rogaine. Large amounts of minoxidil can cause hypotension, and it has been found that using petroleum jelly or tretinoin on the scalp with minoxidil can cause too much of the drug absorption by the scalp, as can using the drug on sunburned scalps. If a person uses minoxidil to stop hair loss for a length of time and then stops taking the drug, hair loss will occur again. Other side-effects include: acne on the area where it is being used as a topical solution headaches and/or lightheadedness very low blood pressure irregular or fast heart beat blurred vision or other vision problems decreased sexual desire partial, or complete, impotence numbness or tingling in the hands, feet or face rapid weight gain chest pain All the side-effects in the above list except for acne may be an indicator that too much of the drug is being used. It has also been found that the drug can be passed from a mother to a child via breast milk. Effects on animals Minoxidil is highly toxic to cats and can cause death when applied to their skin.56 Application Minoxidil is mainly applied in two ways: foam and spray. Both ways involve contact with hair strands, which may cause problems with hair styling since minoxidil must be in an alcohol solution. To keep the minoxidil solution from affecting normal hair styling applications, it can be washed out after at least 40 minutes, although this will decrease the hair regrowth effect. For maximum effect, the solution should be in contact with the scalp for four hours before being washed out. If the solution is not a problem, hair styling devices can be used as soon as the minoxidil solution has dried. References ^ 01-1509 - Grant v. Pharmacia 7 Upjohn Co. - 12/23/2002 ^ Olsen EA, Whiting D, Bergfeld W, Miller J, Hordinsky M, Wanser R, Zhang P, Kohut B 2007. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 57: 767. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.012. PMID 17761356. ^ Alopecia Free Radical Redox Signaling--Nitric Oxide and Superoxide. Retrieved on 2006-08-09. ^ Medical Treatments for Balding in Men American Family PhysicianApril 15, 1999 ^ Camille DeClementi; Keith L. Bailey, Spencer C. Goldstein, and Michael Scott Orser December 2004. Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2 cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 14 4: 287-292. doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. ^ Minoxidil Warning. ShowCatsOnline.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Very small amounts of Minoxidil can result in serious problems or death Minoxidil entry at healthAtoZ.com MEDLINEplus Drug Information: Minoxidil Topical v d e Antihypertensives C02 and diuretics C03 Sympatholytic agents Centrally acting/antiadrenergics α2 agonist Clonidine, Guanfacine, Methyldopa imidazoline receptor agonist Moxonidine, Rilmenidine adrenergic uptake inhibitor Rescinnamine, Reserpine Ganglion-blocking/nicotinic antagonist Mecamylamine, Trimethaphan Peripherally acting/antiadrenergics α1 blockers: Prazosin Indoramin Trimazosin Doxazosin Urapidil Guanidine derivatives: Betanidine Guanethidine Guanoxan Debrisoquine Guanoclor Guanazodine Guanoxabenz Vasodilators Diazoxide hydrazinophthalazine Hydralazine, Dihydralazine, Endralazine, Cadralazine Minoxidil Nitroprusside Phentolamine Other antihypertensives serotonin antagonist Ketanserin endothelin receptor antagonist Bosentan, Ambrisentan, Sitaxsentan MAOI Pargyline THI Metirosine Diuretics Low ceiling Thiazides at DCT Bendroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Chlorothiazide Polythiazide Trichlormethiazide Cyclopenthiazide Methyclothiazide Cyclothiazide Mebutizide Sulfonamides Quinethazone Clopamide Chlortalidone Mefruside Clofenamide Metolazone Meticrane Xipamide Indapamide Clorexolone Fenquizone Other Mersalyl Theobromine Cicletanine osmotic Mannitol, Urea carbonic anhydrase inhibitor at PT Acetazolamide High ceiling Loop diuretic at AL Bumetanide, Furosemide, Torasemide, Ethacrynic acid Potassium-sparing at CD ESC blockers Amiloride, Triamterene aldosterone antagonists Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Potassium canrenoate, Canrenone v d e Other dermatological preparations D11 Medicated shampoos Cetrimide - Cadmium compounds - Selenium compounds - Povidone-iodine - Sulfur compounds - Xenysalate Other dermatologicals seborrhoeic dermatitis/dandruff Lithium succinate, Pyrithione zinc skin whitening/depigmenting Hydroquinone, Mequinol, Monobenzone anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulators Oxaceprol, Gamolenic acid, Pimecrolimus, Tacrolimus baldness treatments Finasteride, Minoxidil hair growth inhibiting agent Eflornithine other Calcium gluconate, Magnesium sulfate, Tiratricol Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Minoxidil Categories: Hair loss | Amine oxides | Piperidines | Pyrimidines | Vasodilators Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Ù?ارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Suomi This page was last modified on 14 August 2008, at 22:37
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