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20-September-2008 09:55:50 - Stimulant December 2007 Sustained-Release 15mg Dexedrine Spansules. Sustained-Release 15mg Dexedrine Spansules. Stimulant drugs are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They usually have increased side-effects with increased effectiveness, and the more powerful variants are therefore often prescription medicines or illegal drugs. Contents 1 Function 2 Amphetamine 3 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 4 Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors NDRIs 5 Cocaine 6 Caffeine 7 Nicotine 8 Ampakines 8.1 Testing 9 See also 10 External links Function Ritalin SR 20mg. Ritalin SR 20mg. Stimulants increase the activity of either the sympathetic nervous system, the central nervous system CNS or both. Some stimulants produce a sense of euphoria, in particular the stimulants which exert influence on the CNS. Stimulants are used therapeutically to increase or maintain alertness, to counteract fatigue in situations where sleep is not practical e.g. while operating vehicles, to counteract abnormal states that diminish alertness consciousness such as in narcolepsy, to promote weight loss phentermine as well as to enhance the ability to concentrate in people diagnosed with attentional disruptions especially ADHD. Occasionally, they are also used to treat depression. Stimulants are sometimes used to boost endurance and productivity as well as to suppress appetite, therefore also known to promote eating disorders such as anorexia if abused. The euphoria produced by some stimulants leads to their recreational use, although this is illegal in the majority of jurisdictions.1 Caffeine, found in beverages such as coffee and soft drinks, as well as nicotine, which is found in tobacco, are among some of the world's most commonly used stimulants. Examples of other well known stimulants include ephedrine, amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA, and modafinil. Stimulants are commonly referred in slang as uppers. Stimulants with significant abuse potential are very carefully controlled substances in America and most other jurisdictions. Some may be legally available only by prescription e.g. methamphetamine, brand name Desoxyn, mixed amphetamine salts, brand name Adderall, dexamphetamine, brand name Dexedrine or not at all e.g. methcathinone. Amphetamine Main article: Amphetamine Amphetamines prescribed as either racemic amphetamine or dextroamphetamine increase the heart and respiration rates, increase blood pressure and in some users, dilate the pupils of the eyes and decrease appetite. Like NDRIs, amphetamine increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain via reuptake inhibition; however, the more important mechanism by which amphetamines cause stimulation is through the direct release of these catecholamines from storage vesicles in cells. Amphetamines are known to cause elevated mood and euphoria as well as rebound depression and anxiety. Other possible effects include blurred vision, insomnia, and dizziness.2 Amphetamines are sometimes prescribed therapeutically by physicians and their availability makes them prime candidates for misuse 1. Used properly, amphetamines increase alertness, concentration and physical endurance. They are often prescribed to counter the effects of narcolepsy, a disorder marked by episodes of uncontrollable sleep, and to help patients with learning disabilities such as ADD and ADHD. Dextrorotary methamphetamine is occasionally used in the treatment of ADHD that does not respond sufficiently to traditional amphetamines. On occasion, major depression is treated with amphetamines as well. Amphetamines can be used as an add-on to antidepressant therapy as well, with some success in certain populations. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Main article: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA is a drug that comes either in tablet or capsule form known as ecstasy, zoom, scrap, as a powder or crystal. Stimulant effects of MDMA include increased blood pressure and heart rate, loss of appetite, rapid sweating, and a dry mouth and throat. Ecstasy pills often contain amounts of other drugs which may include any of a wide range of substances such as MDA, MDEA, MBDB, PCP, DXM, Ketamine, Caffeine, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Ephedrine, cinnamedryl 3Pseudoephedrine, Aspirin, Paracetamol, and, in a small number of cases, PMA 2, Cocaine 3, Fentanyl 4, mCPP, BZP+TFMPP, DOB 5, and 2C-B 6. In some cases the substance sold as ecstasy may not contain MDMA at all. MDMA was historically used in a therapeutic setting by a small number of psychiatrists for marriage counseling, before it was outlawed by the DEA because of its widespread recreational use. As of 2001, it is being considered by the FDA in the treatment of Post-traumatic stress disorder. It is also being evaluated for possible usages in palliative care 7. Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors NDRIs Main article: Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor These compounds inhibit the uptake of the monoamines dopamine and norepinephrine into storage vesicles, effectively increasing their amounts in the brain and causing a stimulating effect. Many of these compounds are effective ADHD medications and antidepressants. The most popular and well-known dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant is bupropion Wellbutrin. Other examples of NDRIs include MDPV, pyrovalerone, mazindol and pipradrol. Although these medicines have similar methods of action to stimulants, they are less popular for abuse thus not scheduled and have an extended release mechanism or a very long half life. Many NDRIs are also phenethylamines. Cocaine Main article: Cocaine Cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca shrub, which grows in the mountain regions of South American countries such as Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. In Europe and North America, the most common form of cocaine is a white crystalline powder. Cocaine is a stimulant but is not normally prescribed therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, particularly in ophthalmology. Most cocaine use is recreational and its abuse potential is high, and so its sale and possession are strictly controlled in most jurisdictions. Other tropane derivative drugs related to cocaine are also known such as troparil and lometopane but have not been widely sold or used recreationally4 Caffeine Main article: Caffeine Caffeine is a drug that is found naturally in coffee, tea, and to a small extent cocoa. It is also found in many soft drinks, particularly energy drinks. Caffeine stimulates the body, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, and alertness, making some people feel better and able to concentrate. In large doses, caffeine is also a mild diuretic. The vast majority over 80% of people in the United States consume caffeine on a daily basis. As a result, few jurisdictions restrict its sale and use. Caffeine is also sold in some countries as an isolated drug as opposed to its natural occurrence in many foods. It serves as a mild stimulant to ward off sleepiness and sees wide use among people who must remain alert in their work e.g., truck drivers, military members. Some medications contain caffeine as one of their minor active ingredients, often for the purpose of enhancing the effect of the main ingredient or reducing one of its side effects. Nicotine Main article: Nicotine Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants Solanaceae, predominantly in tobacco, and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant aubergine, and green pepper. Nicotine alkaloids are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine constitutes 0.3 to 5% of the tobacco plant by dry weight, with biosynthesis taking place in the roots, and accumulates in the leaves. It is a potent nerve poison and is included in many insecticides. The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is in treating nicotine dependence in order to eliminate smoking with its risks to health. In very low concentrations, nicotine acts as a stimulant, and it is one of the main factors responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking. Although pure nicotine is noncarcinogenic, its presence may inhibit the body's ability to cull aberrant cells 8. Ampakines Main article: Ampakine Recently, there have been improvements in the area of stimulant pharmacology, producing a class of chemicals known as ampakines, or eugeroics, good arousal. These stimulants tend to increase alertness without the peripheral body effects or addiction/tolerance/abuse potential of the traditional stimulants. They have minimal effect on sleep structure, and do not cause rebound hypersomnolence or come down effects. Currently, there are two stimulants in this class being used: modafinil and adrafinil, marketed as Provigil and Olmifon, respectively. Modafinil and adrafinil also have some amphetamine like actions, in terms that they increase dopamine and norepinephrine, but they also have another mode of action as GABA antagonists. Newer ampakines such as ampalex and CX717 have been developed but are still in clinical trials and have not yet been sold commercially. Another compound with similar effects to these drugs is carphedon, which is sold as a general stimulant in Russia under the brand name Phenotropil. Testing The presence of stimulants in the body may be tested by a variety of procedures. Serum and urine are the common sources of testing material although saliva is sometimes used. Commonly used tests include chromatography, immunologic assay and mass spectrometry. 5 Recent chronic abuse of stimulants can also be detected, with a high level of certainty, after metabolism has eliminated the presence of any stimulant metabolite from the body. All stimulants destabilize the action of the hypothalamus on the pituitary. Under controlled conditions the hypothalamus secretes thyroid-releasing hormone TRH.This then stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH. Generally when 1 ampule of TRH Protirelin is injected into a vein, 5-10 ug of TSH is detected in the bloodstream after 20 minutes. The amount of TSH released after a recent history of chronic stimulant use, is decreased. Usually the level of TSH in such a blood sample is less than 5 ug. This test is generally accurate even after discontinuance of the drug several weeks earlier and with a negative drug screen. 6 See also Psychoactive drug Recreational drugs Depressants Narcotic External links Look up stimulant, upper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Long Island Council on Alcohol Drug Dependence - About Drugs - Stimulants Online - Publications - Drugs of Abuse - Stimulants Asia Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre APAIC v d e Stimulants Alkylamines Cyclopentamine Geranamine Isometheptene Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuamine Alphapyrrolidinylalkiophenones α-PPP MDPPP MDPV MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPPP Pyrovalerone Cholinergics ABT-089 ABT-418 Anabasine Arecoline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine Rivanicline Tebanicline Varenicline Convulsants Bicuculline DMCM Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil Armodafinil Carphedon Modafinil Phenethylamines 4-Bromomethcathinone 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoromethamphetamine 4-Fluoromethcathinone 4-Methylmethcathinone 4-MTA Aletamine Amfepentorex Amphechloral Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine, Adderall Amphetaminil Benzphetamine Bupropion Cathinone Chlorphentermine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Clortermine Diethylpropion Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylcathinone Ephedrine Epinephrine Ethcathinone Ethylamphetamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine Fenproporex Fludorex Furfenorex Levomethamphetamine Lisdexamfetamine MDMA Mefenorex Methamphetamine Methcathinone Methoxyphedrine Methylone Octopamine Ortetamine Parahydroxyamphetamine PCA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Phentermine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline Synephrine Tiflorex Xylopropamine Phenylaminooxazoles 4-Methyl-aminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Piperazines 2C-B-BZP BZP GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 MeOPP MBZP Vanoxerine Piperidines 2-Benzylpiperidine Desoxypipradrol Diphemethoxidine Ethylphenidate HDMP-28 --Methyl-1-methyl-4β-2-naphthylpiperidine-3β-carboxylate Methylphenidate Dexmethylphenidate Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol Tropanes 3α-Bis-4-fluorophenylmethoxytropane 3α-4-Chlorophenylphenylmethoxytropane 3-Pseudotropyl-4-fluorobenzoate Altropane IACFT Brasofensine CFT WIN 35,428 β-CIT RTI-55 Cocaethylene Cocaine β-CPPIT Dichloropane RTI-111 Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 IPCIT RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-171 RTI-177 RTI-336 Tesofensine Troparil β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2 WF-23 WF-33 WF-60 Xanthines Aminophylline Caffeine Dimethazan Paraxanthine Theobromine Theophylline Others Amineptine Bemegride Benzydamine BPAP Bromantane BTQ Clofenciclan Cypenamine Cyprodenate Diclofensine Dimethocaine Diphenyl prolinol Ethamivan Fencamfamine Feprosidnine Gilutensin GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Indanorex Indatraline LR-5182 Mazindol Mesocarb Naphthylisopropylamine Nikethamide Nomifensine Phthalimidopropiophenone Prolintane Sibutramine Yohimbine Zylofuramine See also Sympathomimetic amines v d e Major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism A stomach acid Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs B Antithrombotics Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics Antihemorrhagics Cardiovascular system C cardiac therapy/antianginals Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulant Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers renin-angiotensin system ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Skin D Emollients Cicatrizant Antipruritics Reproductive system G Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system H Corticosteroids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones Antithyroid agent Infections and infestations J, P Antibiotics Antivirals Vaccines Antifungals Antiparasitic Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics Malignant and immune disease L Anticancer agents Immunostimulators Immunosuppressants Muscles, bones, and joints M Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAID Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Brain and nervous system N Anesthetics General, Local Analgesics Anticonvulsants Mood stabilizers Psycholeptic Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives Psychoanaleptic Antidepressants, Stimulants/Psychostimulants Respiratory system R Bronchodilators Decongestants H1 antagonists Other ATC V Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressing Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Stimulant Categories: Stimulants | Psychoactive drugsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2007 | All articles lacking sources Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Ù?ارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Türkçe This page was last modified on 18 August 2008, at 13:55
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