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20-September-2008 09:55:58 - Triglyceride October 2007 Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. Left part: glycerol, right part from top to bottom: palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, chemical formula: C55H98O6 Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride. Left part: glycerol, right part from top to bottom: palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, chemical formula: C55H98O6 Triglyceride help·info more properly known as triacylglycerol help·info, TAG or triacylglyceride is glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids.1 It is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats. Contents 1 Chemical structure 2 Metabolism 3 Role in disease 3.1 Guidelines 3.2 Reducing triglyceride levels 4 Industrial uses 5 Staining 6 References 7 See also Chemical structure Triglycerides are formed from a single molecule of glycerol, combined with three fatty acids on each of the OH groups, and make up most of fats digested by humans. A triglyceride is shown in the diagram2. Ester bonds form between each fatty acid and the glycerol molecule. This is where the enzyme pancreatic lipase acts, hydrolysing the bond and 'releasing' the fatty acid. In triglyceride form, lipids cannot be absorbed by the duodenum. Fatty acids, monoglycerides one glycerol, one fatty acid and some diglycerides are absorbed by the duodenum, once the triglycerides have been broken down. General structure of a triglyceride General structure of a triglyceride The chemical formula is RCOO-CH2CH-OOCR'CH2-OOCR, where R, R', and R are longer alkyl chains. The three fatty acids RCOOH, R'COOH and RCOOH can be all different, all the same, or only two the same. Chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occurring triglycerides can be of varying lengths but 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. Natural fatty acids found in plants and animals are typically composed only of even numbers of carbon atoms due to the way they are bio-synthesised from acetyl CoA. Bacteria, however, possess the ability to synthesise odd- and branched-chain fatty acids. Consequently, ruminant animal fat contains odd numbered fatty acids, such as 15, due to the action of bacteria in the rumen. Most natural fats contain a complex mixture of individual triglycerides; because of this, they melt over a broad range of temperatures. Cocoa butter is unusual in that it is composed of only a few triglycerides, one of which contains palmitic, oleic and stearic acids in that order. This gives rise to a fairly sharp melting point, causing chocolate to melt in the mouth without feeling greasy. Metabolism See also fatty acid metabolism Triglycerides, as major components of very low density lipoprotein VLDL and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat. They contain more than twice as much energy 9 kcal/g as carbohydrates and proteins. In the intestine, triglycerides are split into glycerol and fatty acids this process is called lipolysis with the help of lipases and bile secretions, which are then moved into the cells lining the intestines absorptive enterocytes. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the enterocytes from their fragments and packaged together with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons. These are excreted from the cells and collected by the lymph system and transported to the large vessels near the heart before being mixed into the blood. Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy. Fat and liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids. As the brain can not utilize fatty acids as an energy source, the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose, via gluconeogenesis, for brain fuel when it is broken down. Fat cells may also be broken down for that reason, if the brain's needs ever outweigh the body's. Triglycerides cannot pass through cell membranes freely. Special enzymes on the walls of blood vessels called lipoprotein lipases must break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can then be taken up by cells via the fatty acid transporter FAT. Role in disease See also the main article hypertriglyceridemia In the human body, high levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream have been linked to atherosclerosis, and, by extension, the risk of heart disease and stroke. However, the negative impact of raised levels of triglycerides is lower than that of LDL:HDL ratios.citation needed The risk can be partly accounted for by a strong inverse relationship between triglyceride level and HDL-cholesterol level. Another disease caused by high triglycerides is pancreatitis. Guidelines The American Heart Association has set guidelines for triglyceride levels:2 Level mg/dL Level mmol/L Interpretation 150 1.69 Normal range, low risk 150-199 1.70-2.25 Borderline high 200-499 2.26-5.65 High 500 5.65 Very high: high risk Please note that this information is relevant to triglyceride levels as tested after fasting 8 to 12 hours. Triglyceride levels remain temporarily higher for a period of time after eating. When some fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies, overproduction can result in ketoacidosis in diabetics. Reducing triglyceride levels Moderating the consumption of fats, alcohol and carbohydrates and partaking of aerobic exercise are considered essential to reducing triglyceride levels.citation needed Omega-3 fatty acids from fish, flax seed oil or other sources, up to 3g per day in US, but up to 2g in Europe where it should be associated with Omega-6 with a ideal ω_6/ω_3 ratio near 5, unless under physician care3, Omega-6 fatty acids, one or more grams of niacin mega-dose vitamin B-3 per day and some statins reduce triglyceride levels. Unlike Japan, it is generally admitted that most populations in western countries are lacking omega-3 nutritional sources. As a result ingesting of excessively high levels of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids in order to assimilate enough omega-6 fatty acids is common. The ideal ratio ω_6/ω_3 = 5 is almost never met and is most often too high about 12 in France, up to 80 in the caucasian population of the US and Canada, and unused high levels of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids accumulate in the body in the form of triglycerides that do not participate in the needed syntheses in the body. In some cases Fibrates have been used as they can bring down TGs substantially. However they are not used as a first line measure as they can have unpleasant or dangerous side effects. In one case due to an increase in mortality, clofibrate was withdrawn from the North American market.citation needed Alcohol abuse can cause elevated levels of triglycerides. Industrial uses Triglycerides are also split into their components via transesterification during the manufacture of biodiesel. The fatty acid monoalkyl ester can be used as fuel in diesel engines. The glycerin has many uses, such as in the manufacture of food and in the production of pharmaceuticals. Other examples are the Triglyceride process in the decaffeination of coffee beans. Staining Staining for fatty acids, triglycerides, lipoproteins, and other lipids is done through the use of lysochromes fat-soluble dyes. These dyes can allow the qualification of a certain fat of interest by staining the material a specific color. Some examples: Sudan IV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B. References ^ Nomenclature of Lipids. IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature CBN. Retrieved on 2007-03-08. ^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean ^ Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. American Heart Association. See also Diglyceride acyltransferase - enzyme responsible for triglyceride biosynthesis Medium chain triglycerides v d e Lipids: glycerides Monoglyceride - Diglyceride - Triglyceride Triacetin, Trimyristin, Triolein Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Triglyceride Categories: Triglycerides | Lipid disordersHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2007 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since December 2007 | Articles with statements since June 2008 | Articles with statements since March 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 8 August 2008, at 18:33
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