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20-September-2008 09:55:52 - schedule A vaccination schedule is a recommended series of vaccinations including the suggested timing of all doses. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or 'wild' pathogen. Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed. Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas countries, subnational areas or at-risk populations where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.1 In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also have to consider poor health care access, high vaccine cost and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccinations schedules discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.2 This difference incorporates the facts that health care costs are much lower, many vaccines are provided at lower costs to developing nations and more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized. In 1900, the smallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the 1960s, children routinely received five vaccines, for protection against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and smallpox, and as many as eight shots by two years of age. As of 2007, the US Centers for Disease Control CDC now recommends vaccination against at least sixteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor. The use of combination vaccine products means that, as of 2006, the United Kingdom immunisation programme consists of just 11 injections by the age of two years and a further three injections by the time of leaving school. Contents 1 Diseases and vaccines 2 Recommended schedules 2.1 USA 2.1.1 Childhood vaccinations 2.1.2 Adult vaccinations 2.1.3 Vaccine Information Statements 2.2 UK 2.2.1 Childhood vaccinations 2.2.1.1 2006 release of childhood vaccination records 2.2.2 Adult High-Risk vaccinations 2.3 Developing countries 3 References 4 What lies ahead 5 See also 6 Sources and notes 7 External links Diseases and vaccines Characteristics of diseases vaccinated against in most vaccine schedules Disease3 Worldwide3 U.S.4 U.K.5 Transmission Incubation Incidence Deaths Incidence Deaths Incidence Deaths Diphtheria Saliva 1-4 days 30,000 3,000 1 0 0 0 Haemophilus influenzae By airborne droplet 1-4 days 2-3,000,000 450,000 mostly children 1,743 7 30 0 Hepatitis B Exchange of bodily fluids 6 weeks - 6 months 5,700,000 acute 521,000 7,996 7 6006 Not reported Measles Airborne 10-12 days 30-40,000,000 610,0007 44 0 77 8 1 8 Mumps Airborne droplets 14-21 days 477,079 reported N/A 270 1 16,436 9 0 Pertussis Airborne droplets 5-10 days 39,000,000 297,000 9,771 18 2 10 2 Polio Fecal contamination Hours 1,951 11 1,000 11 0 0 0 0 Rubella Airborne droplets 5-7 days Not reported 631,571 most CRS 18 1 CRS 0 0 Tetanus Penetrating injury, blood contamination, 3-10 days 18,781 200,000 12 25 5 6 0 Tuberculosis Airborne 3 day - 15 weeks 8,000,000 1,600,000 15,05613 784 6,572 373 Varicella Airborne 2 weeks Not reported Not reported 22,841 32 Not reported Not reported Recommended schedules US childhood vaccination schedule US childhood vaccination schedule14 The World Health Organization monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's programme, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures.15 A comprehensive list of vaccination schedules including the European Union, Africa, and Asia is available 16. USA Childhood vaccinations The CDC recommends the following vaccines for children aged 0-6:14 Tetanus-Diphtheria-Pertussis TDP vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine HiB vaccine Influenza vaccine Measles-Mumps-Rubella MMR vaccine Polio inactivated vaccine Pneumococcal vaccine Rotavirus vaccine Varicella chicken pox vaccine for children aged 11-12: TDP vaccine Human papillomavirus vaccine for girls Meningococcus vaccine The 2007 adult immunization schedule recommended by the CDC The 2007 adult immunization schedule recommended by the CDC 17 Adult vaccinations The 2007 adult immunization schedule recommended by the CDC for adults aged 18 and over adds to the 2005 schedule Human Papilloma Virus vaccination, and is clearer in specifying guidance for at risk groups: Tetanus-Diphtheria Pertussis Vaccine all adults, every 10 years Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for women Hepatitis B Vaccine adults at risk Measles-Mumps-Rubella MMR Vaccine all those under 50, above this age if susceptible Varicella chickenpox Vaccine all those under 50, for 50 - 65 years of age if susceptible, not routinely for those above 65 Vaccines for travelers Vaccines recommended for those age 50 and older: Influenza flu Vaccine Vaccines needed for those age 65 and older Pneumococcal Vaccine Vaccines recommended for healthcare workers: Tetanus-Diphtheria Pertussis Vaccine Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for women Hepatitis B Vaccine Influenza Vaccine annually Measles-Mumps-Rubella MMR Vaccine Varicella chickenpox Vaccine Vaccine Information Statements In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines. UK Childhood vaccinations As of September 2006, the United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule uses combination immunisations where available: Vaccine 2 months 3 months 4 months 12 months 13 months 3-5 years Pre-School School Leaving 13-18yrs Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Inactivated Polio Vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae Hib DTaP/IPV/Hib DTaP/IPV/Hib DTaP/IPV/Hib Hib . DTaP/IPV Td/IPV Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV . PCV . PCV . . Meningitis C . Men C Men C MenC . . . Measles, Mumps, Rubella . . . . MMR MMR . Notes: This schedule was amended on 4 September 2006 with the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine for babies, adjustment of the spacing of the MenC immunisations and an additional Hib booster at 12 months of age. A limited catch-up programme is now in place for pneumococcal vaccination. 18 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination is no longer part of a universal programme delivered through schools, but is targeted for those who are at greatest risk. Hepatitis B vaccination is sometimes offered to high risk cases. 2006 release of childhood vaccination records According to a 2006 report, there have been 50 to 60 per cent more vaccines recorded as being administered as would be expected. The report acknowledges that entries may have been duplicated, although speculation has raised that some NHS doctors may have deliberately overstated the number of shots given to youngsters in order to claim bonuses.19 Adult High-Risk vaccinations The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine booster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts e.g., gardeners may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years. Pneumococcal and Flu vaccinations are recommended routinely for those over 65 and also for both children and adults in special risk categories: Serious breathing problems Serious heart conditions Severe kidney problems Long term liver disease Diabetes requiring medication Immunosuppression due to disease or treatment e.g., chemotherapy or radiation therapy, long-term steroid use, and problems with the spleen asplenia, either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly, for example, sickle cell anemia Developing countries A typical childhood vaccination schedule for infants in developing countries with Yellow Fever2 Vaccine Age at immunization Notes BCG tuberculosis Birth Polio 6, 10 and 14 weeks At birth, in endemic countries Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis 6, 10 and 14 weeks Hepatitis B 6, 10 and 14 weeks Vaccine not widely available. Haemophilus influenzae 6, 10 and 14 weeks Vaccine not widely available. Yellow Fever 9 months In countries where Yellow Fever poses a risk. Measles 9 months A second vaccination should be provided. References ^ Update on Yellow Fever in the Americas, http://www.paho.org/english/SHA/be_v21n2-yellowfever.htm, the Epidemiological Bulletin, Vol. 21 No. 2, June 2000, Pan American Health Organization, accessed July 18, 2007 ^ a b State of the World's Vaccines and Immunizations pdf from the World Health Organization 2003 ion ^ a b Estimated Incidence/deaths World Health Organization Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Year 2000 data unless noted Note: Please choose appropriate disease ^ Reported cases/deaths pdf CDC Pink Pages, Year 2002 data ^ Reported cases/deaths NHS Immunisation Information, Year 2000 data unless noted ^ Call for hepatitis B vaccination BBC News, 16 January, 2003. ^ See also: Estimated regional measles deaths with uncertainty bounds Fact sheet N°286 2004. The World Health Organization WHO and UNICEF. Revised March 2006. ^ a b UK 'in grip of measles outbreak' BBC News. Statistics: 2005. First measles related death in the UK in 14 years ^ Mumps BBC News, Friday, 13 May, 2005. Statistics: 2004 ^ 1999 ^ a b 2005 data Polio is endemic in only four countries; Nigeria, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan ^ year 2000: due to neonatal tetanus from non-sterile delivery and/or umbilical severing tools ^ Reported Tuberculosis in the United States The National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention Statistics: 2002 ^ a b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008. Recommended immunization schedules for persons Aged 0-18 Years - United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57 1: Q-1-Q-4. ^ WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System. World Health Organization 22 December 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-02. ^ International Vaccination Schedule for Children ^ Recommendations: Adult Immunization Schedule Anyone over 18 years old PDF. Centers for Disease Control CDC. ^ Full immunisation schedule. NHS September 4, 2006. ^ Jane Symons November8, 2006. National jabs scandal exposed, The Sun. Retrieved on 2006-11-14. What lies ahead See also: Flu research Many vaccinations are currently being evaluated for inclusion into the recommended vaccination schedule. Some of these combine up to five vaccinations into a single preparation, thus decreasing the number of individual vaccinations necessary.citation needed Others attempt to prevent diseases which currently do not have available vaccines.citation needed In addition, attempts to shield pharmaceutical companies which manufacture vaccines from liability are currently ongoing in the US and elsewhere, including numerous legislative initiatives in the United States Congress.citation needed According to Dr. Thomas Saari, spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics, We project over the next ten years that we'll add one to two new vaccines a year.cite this quote Dr. Andrew Wakefield has said, The next few years are likely to see the introduction of ever greater numbers of vaccines and the possibility of using combination vaccines containing up to 16 different infectious diseases, is already being discussed in the US.cite this quote See also Influenza vaccine H5N1 clinical trials Sources and notes ^ Update on Yellow Fever in the Americas, http://www.paho.org/english/SHA/be_v21n2-yellowfever.htm, the Epidemiological Bulletin, Vol. 21 No. 2, June 2000, Pan American Health Organization, accessed July 18, 2007 ^ a b State of the World's Vaccines and Immunizations pdf from the World Health Organization 2003 ion ^ a b Estimated Incidence/deaths World Health Organization Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Year 2000 data unless noted Note: Please choose appropriate disease ^ Reported cases/deaths pdf CDC Pink Pages, Year 2002 data ^ Reported cases/deaths NHS Immunisation Information, Year 2000 data unless noted ^ Call for hepatitis B vaccination BBC News, 16 January, 2003. ^ See also: Estimated regional measles deaths with uncertainty bounds Fact sheet N°286 2004. The World Health Organization WHO and UNICEF. Revised March 2006. ^ a b UK 'in grip of measles outbreak' BBC News. Statistics: 2005. First measles related death in the UK in 14 years ^ Mumps BBC News, Friday, 13 May, 2005. Statistics: 2004 ^ 1999 ^ a b 2005 data Polio is endemic in only four countries; Nigeria, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan ^ year 2000: due to neonatal tetanus from non-sterile delivery and/or umbilical severing tools ^ Reported Tuberculosis in the United States The National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention Statistics: 2002 ^ a b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008. Recommended immunization schedules for persons Aged 0-18 Years - United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57 1: Q-1-Q-4. ^ WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System. World Health Organization 22 December 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-02. ^ International Vaccination Schedule for Children ^ Recommendations: Adult Immunization Schedule Anyone over 18 years old PDF. Centers for Disease Control CDC. ^ Full immunisation schedule. NHS September 4, 2006. ^ Jane Symons November8, 2006. National jabs scandal exposed, The Sun. Retrieved on 2006-11-14. External links National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. CDC National Immunization Program. CDC. Retrieved on 2008-06-14. MMR vaccine and the autism epidemic: In a compulsory inoculation program, it is the responsibility of the developers, promoters and enforcers to prove safety and efficacy. MMR vaccine and the autism epidemic. InformedChoice.info. Retrieved on 2006-09-18. National Health Service of UK. UK Immunisation Schedule and Information. NHS. Retrieved on 2006-11-03. World Health Organisation of UN. WHO Immunisation Schedule and Information. WHO. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. EUVAC.NET. EU National Childhood Vaccination Schedules. EU. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. v d e Vaccines, Vaccination, Immunization, and Inoculation see also artificial induction of immunity Development Adjuvants Cancer vaccines DNA vaccination HIV Live vector vaccine Models Timeline Trial Administration Global: GAVI Policy Schedule Vaccine injury USA: ACIP VAERS VSD Vaccine court Vaccines live Anthrax BCG tuberculosis Flu MMR MMRV PolioOPV Rotavirus Smallpox Varicella Yellow fever Inactivated/toxoid inactivated virus: Flu HAV PolioIPV inactivated bacteria/toxoid: DTwP conjugate: Hib PCV Other subunit: Anthrax DTaP HPV recombinant DNA: HBV other: Anthrax PPV Controversy General A-CHAMP MMR NCVIA Pox party Safe Minds Thiomersal See also List of vaccine topics Epidemiology Eradication of infectious diseases Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Vaccination_schedule Categories: Articles with quotes | VaccinationHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since January 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands РуÑ?Ñ?кий This page was last modified on 14 August 2008, at 17:00
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