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08-SEPTEMBER-2008 09:13:22 - amino acid May 2008 Food portal An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism usually referring to humans, and therefore must be supplied in the diet. Contents 1 Essentiality vs. conditional essentiality in humans 2 Recommended daily amounts 3 Use of essential amino acids 4 Mnemonics 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Essentiality vs. conditional essentiality in humans Eight amino acids are generally regarded as essential for humans: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, leucine, and lysine.1 Cysteine or sulphur-containing amino acids, tyrosine or aromatic amino acids, histidine and arginine are additionally required by infants and growing children.23 Essential amino acids are so called not because they are more important to life than the others, but because the body does not synthesize them, making it essential to include them in one's diet in order to obtain them. In addition, the amino acids arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, proline, serine and tyrosine are considered conditionally essential, meaning they are not normally required in the diet, but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize it in adequate amounts.45 An example would be with the disease phenylketonuria PKU. Individuals living with PKU must keep their intake of phenylalanine extremely low to prevent mental retardation and other metabolic complications. However, phenylalanine is the precursor for tyrosine synthesis. Without phenylalanine, tyrosine cannot be made and so tyrosine becomes essential in the diet of PKU patients. The distinction between essential and non-essential amino acids is somewhat unclear, as some amino acids can be produced from others. The sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and homocysteine, can be converted into each other but neither can be synthesized de novo in humans. Likewise, cysteine can be made from homocysteine but cannot be synthesized on its own. So, for convenience, sulfur-containing amino acids are sometimes considered a single pool of nutritionally-equivalent amino acids as are the aromatic amino acid pair, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Likewise arginine, ornithine, and citrulline, which are interconvertible by the urea cycle, are considered a single group. Recommended daily amounts Estimating the daily requirement for the indispensable amino acids has proven to be difficult; these numbers have undergone considerable revision over the last 20 years. It was known for years that infants were unable to synthesize histidine, but only relatively recently has it been determined that adults are also unable to do this. The following table lists the WHO recommended daily amounts currently in use for essential amino acids in adult humans, together with their standard one-letter abbreviations.3 Amino acid mg per kg body weight mg per 70 kg H Histidine 10 700 I Isoleucine 20 1400 L Leucine 39 2730 K Lysine 30 2100 M Methionine + C Cysteine 15 total 1050 F Phenylalanine + Y Tyrosine 25 total 1750 T Threonine 15 1050 W Tryptophan 4 280 V Valine 26 1820 The recommended daily intakes for children aged three years and older is 10% to 20% higher than adult levels and those for infants can be as much as 150% higher in the first year of life. Use of essential amino acids Foodstuffs that lack essential amino acids are poor sources of protein equivalents, as the body tends to deaminate the amino acids obtained, converting proteins into fats and carbohydrates6. Therefore, a balance of essential amino acids is necessary for a high degree of net protein utilization, which is the mass ratio of amino acids converted to proteins to amino acids supplied. All essential amino acids may be obtained from plant sources, and even strict vegetarian diets can provide all dietary requirements, provided they are based on a variety of whole plant foods. Some believe that careful monitoring of nutrient levels is important in strict vegetarian diets, but there are virtually no cases of protein-deficiency among populations consuming adequate calories. The only common cases of protein-deficiency occur among populations that are chronically undernourished.citation needed Complete proteins contain a balanced set of essential amino acids for humans. Animal sources such as meat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, and cheese provide all of the essential amino acids.7 Complete proteins are also found in some plant sources such as quinoa,8 buckwheat,9 hempseed,10 and amaranth,citation needed among others. Soybeans are considered by some to be a source of complete protein11 although this is contested.12138 The net protein utilization is profoundly affected by the limiting amino acid content the essential amino acid found in the smallest quantity in the foodstuff, and somewhat affected by salvage of essential amino acids in the body. It is therefore a good idea to mix foodstuffs that have different weaknesses in their essential amino acid distributions. This limits the loss of nitrogen through deamination and increases overall net protein utilization. Protein source Limiting amino acid Wheat lysine Rice lysine Legumes tryptophan Maize lysine and tryptophan Pulses methionine or cysteine Egg, chicken none; the reference for absorbable protein Mnemonics Using the one letter designation shown above, mnemonic devices have been developed for students wanting or needing to memorize the essential amino acids. Previous devices have utilized the first letter of the amino acids name, and in general did not include arginine which is not always essential. One mnemonic device that has been used in the past is PVT TIM HALL.14 Another method uses the first letter of each essential amino acid to begin each word in a phrase, such as: Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable.15 This method begins with the two amino acids that need some qualifications as to their requirements. Note that these devices work by using the first letter of the actual amino acids name. Due to repetition of letters, several amino acids have one letter abbreviations that are different than their first letter e.g. lysine is K. Thus the complete list of essential amino acids utilizing one-letter codes is MILKVWTHFR. See also Essential nutrient Essential fatty acid Biological Value BV List of standard amino acids Edible protein per unit area of land Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score Protein References ^ Young VR 1994. Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations. J. Nutr. 124 8 Suppl: 1517S-1523S. PMID 8064412. ^ Imura K, Okada A 1998. Amino acid metabolism in pediatric patients. Nutrition 14 1: 143-8. doi:10.1016/S0899-90079700230-X. PMID 9437700. ^ a b FAO/WHO/UNU 2007. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION. WHO Press., page 150 ^ Fürst P, Stehle P 2004. What are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans?. J. Nutr. 134 6 Suppl: 1558S-1565S. PMID 15173430. ^ Reeds PJ 2000. Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans. J. Nutr. 130 7: 1835S-40S. PMID 10867060. ^ McGilvery, Robert W. Biochemistry, a Functional Approach 1979. Chapter 41, esp Page 787 ^ Nutrition for Everyone: Basics: Protein. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on 2008-05-15. ^ a b http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940015664_1994015664.pdf ^ Buckwheat Profile ^ hempnutrition.qxd ^ http://www.truestarhealth.com/members/cm_archives12ML3P1A8.html The Scoop on Protein Powders By Sofia Segounis, Nutritionist ^ THE DOWNSIDE OF SOYBEAN CONSUMPTION ^ Protein Means Power and a Whole Lot More ^ Mnemonic at medicalmnemonics.com 442 128 ^ Williams, R.A.D.; Eliot, J.C. 1989. Basic and Applied Dental Biochemistry. Elsevier Health Sciences, p.149. ISBN 0443031444. External links Amino acid content of some vegetarian foods - In a meal, make sure at least one food has a low value in each row of the Amount to meet RDA column, at veganhealth.org Amino Acid Profiles of Some Common Feeds at Virginia Tech Molecular Expressions: The Amino Acid Collection - Has detailed information and crystal photographs of each amino acid. at Florida State University v d e The 20 Common Amino Acids dp = data page Branched-chain amino acids Isoleucine dp | Leucine dp | Valine dp Non Branch-chain Alanine dp | Arginine dp | Asparagine dp | Aspartic acid dp | Cysteine dp | Glutamic acid dp | Glutamine dp | Glycine dp | Histidine dp | Lysine dp | Methionine dp | Phenylalanine dp | Proline dp | Serine dp | Threonine dp | Tryptophan dp | Tyrosine dp Other classifications Essential amino acids | Ketogenic amino acid | Glucogenic amino acid Major families of biochemicals Saccharides | Carbohydrates | Glycosides | | Amino acids | Peptides | Proteins | Glycoproteins | | Lipids | Terpenes | Steroids | Carotenoids Alkaloids | Nucleobases | Nucleic acids | | Enzyme cofactors | Flavonoids | Polyketides | Tetrapyrroles Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid Categories: Amino acids | Essential nutrients | Nitrogen metabolism | NutritionHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2007 | Articles with statements since July 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska ไทย УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 16:43
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