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08-SEPTEMBER-2008 09:13:22 - Sunflower seed Redirected from Sunflower seeds Various sunflower seed varieties . Various sunflower seed varieties . The sunflower seed is the fruit of the sunflower Helianthus annuus. The term sunflower seed is actually a misnomer when applied to the seed in its pericarp hull. Botanically speaking, it is more properly referred to as an achene. When dehulled, the edible remainder is called the sunflower kernel. For commercial purposes, sunflower seeds are usually classified by the pattern on their husks. If the husk is solid black, the seeds are called black oil sunflower seeds. The crops may be referred to as oilseed sunflower crops. These seeds are usually pressed into sunflower oil. Additionally, these seeds are usually considered the seed of choice for bird feeders.1 If the husks are striped, the seeds are called striped sunflower seeds or stripers. Due to their lower oil content, the crops are called non-oilseed sunflower crops. Striped sunflower seeds are primarily used for food; as a result, they may also be called confectionery sunflower seeds. There is also a sunflower seed that is whitish in hue, which has no current commercial use. Most commonly, sunflower seeds are black with white stripes or plain black. Contents 1 Cultivation 1.1 Seeds 1.2 Pressed oil 1.3 Health benefits 2 References 3 See also 4 External links Cultivation Top Sunflower Seed Producers - 2005 Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization FAO2 Rank Country 106 M/T Country area km² 1 Flag of Russia Russia 6.3 0000000017098242.00000017,098,242 2 Flag of Ukraine Ukraine 4.7 0000000000603700.000000603,700 3 Flag of Argentina Argentina 3.7 0000000002780400.0000002,780,400 4 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 1.9 0000000009598086.0000009,598,086 5 Flag of India India 1.9 0000000003166414.0000003,166,414 6 Flag of the United States United States 1.8 0000000009629091.0000009,629,091 7 Flag of Turkey Turkey 1.0 0000000000783562.000000783,562 8 Flag of Bulgaria Bulgaria 0.9 0000000000110912.000000110,912 9 Flag of South Africa South Africa 0.7 0000000001221037.0000001,221,037 10 Flag of Serbia Serbia 0.5 0000000000077474.00000077,474 World Total 31.1 These seeds have been cultivated for several thousand years, originally in the Mississippi River valley, the oldest known site being in Tennessee. They have been used by Native Americans for nearly 5,000 years. They were brought to Europe by the Spanish conquistadors. When grown during a full season, big sunflower crops may yield more than 1000 pounds/acre 1121 kilograms/hectare. In some areas of the United States, sunflowers can also be grown as a double crop, so that the same area can be used for two harvests in the same season. However, it is not recommended that sunflowers be planted in the same area more than once every three to four years.3 Seeds Sunflower seed kernels, dried Nutritional value per 100 g 3.5 oz Energy 570 kcal 2390 kJ Carbohydrates 18.76 g - Sugars 2.62 g - Dietary fiber 10.5 g Fat 49.57 g - saturated 5.20 g - monounsaturated 9.46 g - polyunsaturated 32.74 g Protein 22.78 g Thiamin Vit. B1 2.29 mg 176% Riboflavin Vit. B2 0.25 mg 17% Niacin Vit. B3 4.5 mg 30% Pantothenic acid B5 6.75 mg 135% Vitamin B6 0.77 mg 59% Folate Vit. B9 227 μg 57% Vitamin C 1.4 mg 2% Vitamin E 34.50 mg 230% Calcium 116 mg 12% Iron 6.77 mg 54% Magnesium 354 mg 96% Manganese 2.02 mg 101% Phosphorus 705 mg 101% Potassium 689 mg 15% Sodium 3 mg 0% Zinc 5.06 mg 51% Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database Sunflower seeds are more commonly eaten as a healthy snack than as part of a meal. They can also be used as garnishes or ingredients in various recipes. The seeds may be sold as in-shell seeds or dehulled kernels. The seeds can also be sprouted and eaten in salads. When in-shell seeds are processed, they are first dried. Afterwards, they may also be roasted and/or dusted with salt or flour for preservation of flavor. Upon consumption, in-shell seeds should be dehulled and the hull should be discarded before swallowing the kernel. Dehulling is commonly performed by cracking the hull with one's teeth and spitting it out while keeping the kernel in the mouth. In-shell sunflower seeds are particularly popular in Merranean countries, like Israel and Turkey, where they are called garinim and ayçekirdeÄŸi respectively. In Turkey and Israel, they can be bought freshly roasted in shops and markets and are a common stadium food. They are also popular in Spain, China, and the southeastern United States. Dehulled kernels have been mechanically processed to remove the hull. These kernels may be sold raw or roasted. These dehulled kernels are sometimes added to bread and other baked goods for their flavor. There is also sunflower butter, similar to peanut butter, but utilizing sunflower seeds instead of peanuts. Apart from human consumption, sunflower seeds are also sold as food for pets and wild birds in boxes and small bags. Pressed oil Main article: Sunflower oil In modern society, sunflower oil is one of the most popular oils in the world. The oil may be used as is, or may be processed into polyunsaturated margarines. The oil is typically extracted by applying great pressure to the sunflower seeds and collecting the oil. After extraction, the pressed sunflower seed cake can be used, which is rich in proteins. The original sunflower oil linoleic sunflower oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids about 66% linoleic acid and low in saturated fats, such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. However, various hybrids have been developed to alter the fatty acid profile of the crop for various purposes.4 In the future, sunflower oil could become a renewable bio-source for hydrogen. A team for the University of Leeds has developed a workable method for the extraction of hydrogen from sunflower oil, through a chain of chemical reactions with nickel and carbon-based catalysts.5 However, while the plant's photosynthesis essentially captures the hydrogen, the energy necessary to liberate hydrogen gas from the hydrocarbons from sunflower oil is considerably greater than the energy of the liberated gas. Therefore, although sunflower oil could certainly be used for this purpose, it is not, by any means, a 'free' or even 'eco-friendly' source of energy. Health benefits In addition to linoleic acid an essential fatty acid, sunflower seeds are also an excellent source of dietary fiber, protein, Vitamin E, B Vitamins, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, selenium, calcium and zinc.6 Additionally, they are rich in cholesterol-lowering phytosterols.7 References ^ Cornell University: What to Feed Birds ^ FAO: Major food and agricultural commodities and producers ^ Thomas Jefferson Agricultural Institute: How to Grow Sunflower ^ National Sunflower Association : Sunflower Oil ^ BBC NEWS: Sunflower oil boost to car future ^ WHFoods: Sunflower seeds ^ Science Daily: Sunflower Seeds, Pistachios Among Top Nuts For Lowering Cholesterol See also List of edible seeds External links National Sunflower Association United States The World's Healthiest Foods: Sunflower seeds Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Sunflower_seed Categories: Edible nuts and seeds | Snack foods | Vegan snacks | Crops originating from the Americas | Native crops of the United States Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Magyar Nederlands Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 23 August 2008, at 20:08
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