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20-September-2008 10:21:21 - vessel The arterial system The arterial system The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. The most important vessels in the system are the capillaries, the microscopic vessels which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues, while the conduit vessels, arteries and veins, carry blood away from the heart and through the capillaries or back towards the heart, respectively. Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Types 3 Physiology 4 Role in disease 5 See also Anatomy The arteries and veins have the same basic structure. There are three layers, from inside to outside while the capillaries have only one thick cell: Tunica intima the thinnest layer: a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina. Tunica media the thickest layer: circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may especially in arteries be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel. Tunica adventitia: entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the muscular layer, as well as nutrient capillaries vasa vasorum in the larger blood vessels. Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue. When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis pl. anastomoses. Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages. Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles 100,000 km--2 times around the earth.citation needed Types There are various kinds of blood vessels: Arteries Aorta the largest artery, carries blood out of the heart Branches of the aorta, such as the carotid artery, the subclavian artery, the celiac trunk, the mesenteric arteries, the renal artery and the iliac artery. Arterioles Capillaries the smallest blood vessels Venules Veins Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein. Venae cavae the 2 largest veins, carry blood into the heart They are roughly grouped as arterial and venous, determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from arterial or toward venous the heart. The term arterial blood is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries venous blood and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated. Physiology Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood they have no appreciable peristalsis, but arteries - and veins to a degree - can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated 95-100% with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the hemoglobin is desaturated at about 75%. The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation. The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury 1 mmHg = 133 Pa. In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart and 80 mmHg diastolic low pressure wave. In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg. Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors agents that cause vasoconstriction. These include paracrine factors e.g. prostaglandins, a number of hormones e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin and neurotransmitters e.g. epinephrine from the nervous system. Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason. Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation swelling, redness and warmth. Role in disease Blood vessels play a role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis formation of new blood vessels to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the formation of lipid lumps atheromas in the blood vessel wall, is the prime cause of cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in the Western world. Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to haemorrhage. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel e.g. by a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia insufficient blood supply and necrosis tissue breakdown. Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection. See also anastomosis angioplasty capacitance of blood vessels vascular resistance vascular surgery v d e Cardiovascular system Systemic circulation Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart Pulmonary circulation Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Heart Blood vessels Endothelium - Tunica intima - Tunica media - Tunica externa v d e List of arteries of head and neck CC/EC sup. thyroid superior laryngeal - sternocleidomastoid branch - infrahyoid branch - cricothyroid branch - glandular branches asc. pharyngeal posterior meningeal - pharyngeal branches - inferior tympanic lingual suprahyoid - dorsal lingual - deep lingual - sublingual facial cervical branches ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular - facial branches inferior labial, superior labial / nasal septum, lateral nasal, angular occipital sternocleidomastoid - meningeal - occipital - auricular - descending post. auricular stylomastoid - stapedial - auricular - occipital sup. temporal transverse facial - middle temporal zygomatico-orbital - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal maxillary 1st part / mandibular: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal superior tympanic, petrosal - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar mental, mylohyoid 2nd part / pterygoid: to muscles of mastication deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric - buccal 3rd part / pterygopalatine: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital anterior superior alveolar - descending palatine greater palatine, lesser palatine - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal CC/IC cervical carotid sinus petrous Vidian - caroticotympanic cavernous/ ophthalmic orbital group: posterior ethmoidal - anterior ethmoidal anterior septal, anterior lateral nasal, anterior meningeal - lacrimal lateral palpebral - medial palpebral - terminal supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal ocular group: central retinal - ciliary short posterior, long posterior, anterior - hypophysial superior, inferior cerebral/Willis ACA anterior communicating - MCA anterolateral central, lenticulostriate - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal SC vertebral artery meningeal - spinal posterior, anterior - cerebellar PICA basilar: pontine - labyrinthine - cerebellar AICA, SCA - cerebral PCA thyrocervical trunk inferior thyroid: inferior laryngeal - tracheal - esophageal - ascending cervical - pharyngeal - glandular branches transverse cervical: superficial branch - deep branch / dorsal scapular suprascapular: acromial branch costocervical trunk deep cervical v d e List of arteries of torso - abdomen AA: Anterior celiac left gastric: esophageal branches splenic: pancreatic branches greater, dorsal - short gastric - left gastro-omental common hepatic: proper hepatic cystic, right gastric, gastroduodenal right gastro-omental, superior pancreaticoduodenal, supraduodenal SMA inferior pancreaticoduodenal - intestinal jejunal, ileal, arcades, vasa recta - ileocolic colic, anterior cecal, posterior cecal, ileal branch, appendicular - right colic - middle colic IMA left colic - sigmoid - superior rectal - marginal AA: Posterior visceral: middle suprarenal - renal inferior suprarenal, ureteral - gonadal testicular ♂ / ovarian ♀ parietal: inferior phrenic superior suprarenal - lumbar - median sacral terminal: common iliac IIA, EIA IIA: Anterior umbilical superior vesical, to ductus deferens - middle rectal - obturator anterior branch, posterior branch - inferior gluteal accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis uterine ♀ helicine, vaginal of uterine, ovarian of uterine, tubal of uterine - vaginal ♀ / inferior vesical ♂ internal pudendal: inferior rectal - perineal urethral - posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ - bulb of penis ♂ / vestibule ♀ - deep artery of the penis ♂ helicine / clitoris ♀ - dorsal of the penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ IIA: Posterior iliolumbar lumbar, iliac - lateral sacral - superior gluteal EIA inferior epigastric cremasteric, round ligament - deep circumflex iliac - femoral v d e List of arteries of upper limbs Axillary scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial deltoid branch - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex Brachial profunda brachii radial collateral, medial collateral - ulnar collateral superior, inferior Radial forearm: radial recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis radial of index finger Ulnar forearm: ulnar recurrent anterior, posterior - common interosseous anterior, posterior, recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch Arches dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal dorsal digital palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital proper palmar digital deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal v d e List of arteries of lower limbs EI: Femoral superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex external pudendal: superficial - deep anterior scrotal profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral descending, transverse, ascending - medial circumflex femoral ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular - perforating descending genicular saphenous branch, articular branches Popliteal sural genicular: superior genicular medial, lateral - middle genicular - inferior genicular medial, lateral Anterior tibial tibial recurrent posterior, anterior anterior malleolar medial, lateral dorsalis pedis: tarsal medial, lateral Posterior tibial circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar Arches arcuate: dorsal metatarsal / first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Blood vessels Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Blood_vessel Categories: Cardiovascular systemHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bosanski ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Eesti Español Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano Kurdî / كوردی Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Plattdüütsch Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย УкраїнÑ?ька Võro ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 17 August 2008, at 15:27
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