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16-September-2008 16:20:31 - Flammability DIN4102 Flammability Class B1 Vertical Shaft Furnace at Technische Universität Braunschweig, iBMB, Germany. DIN4102 Flammability Class B1 Vertical Shaft Furnace at Technische Universität Braunschweig, iBMB, Germany. Sample Holder for DIN4102 Flammability Class B1 Vertical Shaft Furnace Sample Holder for DIN4102 Flammability Class B1 Vertical Shaft Furnace 750°C Furnace to test A1 and A2 Class Combustibility as per DIN4102 Part 1 at TU Braunschweig 750°C Furnace to test A1 and A2 Class Combustibility as per DIN4102 Part 1 at TU Braunschweig Flammable liquid warning sign Flammable liquid warning sign Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite, causing fire or combustion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is subject to quantification through fire testing. Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratings achieved are used in building codes, insurance requirements, fire codes and other regulations governing the use of building materials as well as the storage and handling of highly flammable substances inside and outside of structures and in surface and air transportation. For instance, changing an occupancy by altering the flammability of the contents requires the owner of a building to apply for a building permit to make sure that the overall fire protection design basis of the facility can take the change into account. Contents 1 Testing 2 Categorisation of building materials 3 Important Characteristics 3.1 Flash point 3.2 Vapour pressure 4 Examples of flammable liquids 5 Examples of nonflammable liquids 6 Codes 6.1 Building codes 6.2 Fire codes 7 Linguistics: Flammable vs. inflammable 8 See also 9 External links Testing A fire test can be conducted to determine the degree of flammability. Test standards used to make this determination include, but are not limited to the following: Underwriters Laboratories UL 94 Flammability Testing International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60707, 60695-11-10 and 60695-11-20 International Organization for StandardizationISO 9772 and 9773. National Fire Protection Association NFPA 287 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Flammability of Materials in Cleanrooms Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus FPA NFPA 701: Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films Categorisation of building materials DIN4102 A1 noncombustible rockwool DIN4102 A2 gypsum fireproofing plaster leavened with polystyrene beads DIN 4102 B1 difficult to ignite/often self-extinguishing Silicone caulking used as a component in firestopping piping penetration DIN 4102 B2: Timber, normal combustibility DIN 4102 B3: Polyurethane foam easy to ignite = lots of hydrocarbon bonds usually Materials can be tested for the degree of flammability and combustibility in accordance with DIN 4102. DIN 4102, as well as its British cousin BS476 include for testing of passive fire protection systems, as well as some if its constituent materials. The following are the categories in order of degree of combustibility as well as flammability: A1 100% noncombustible = nichtbrennbar A2 ~98% noncombustible = nichtbrennbar B1 difficult to ignite schwer entflammbar Example: intumescents and some high end silicones B2 normal combustibility like wood B3 easily ignited leichtentflammbar Important Characteristics Flash point Flash points below 100 °F 38 °C are regulated in the United States by OSHA as potential workplace hazards. Vapour pressure The vapour pressure is an important parameter in determining the ease of ignition. The higher the vapour pressure, the more flammable vapour is evolved from a free liquid surface at a given temperature. Examples of flammable liquids Flammable liquids include, but are not limited to: Gasoline Ethanol Acetone Diesel Alcohol Examples of nonflammable liquids Water Sodium silicate Codes Building codes Building codes typically apply to new construction, whereas fire codes apply to existing structures. Early Building codes saw materials as either combustible or noncombustible. The typical combustibility tests are rather harsh, usually exposing a sample to a fire test and then quantifying the loss of mass afterwards. Materials that pass those tests include concrete, stone, steel, etc. Over time, more building materials became available that had combustible constituents. It therefore became necessary to quantify the degree of combustibility, which roughly tracks the percentage of covalently bound, or organic ingredients by percentage, as a general rule of thumb. There are exceptions, of course, due to the use of fire retardant ingredients, whose purpose is to reduce the flammability of the end product. With the advent of materials of limited combustibility, codes are continuing to be refined in terms of what degree of combustibility to allow in which occupancy. For example, in Ontario, the Ontario Building Code differentiates between Part 9 of the OBC buildings, which are combustible, such as timber frame single family homes, and Part 3 of the OBC noncombustible buildings. But even within these categories, degrees of combustibility are noted for certain applications. For instance, one may use foamed plastics, even in a Part 3 building, but only if sufficiently concealed with noncombustible elements. Drywall is an example of a limited combustibility product, as the paper burns, whereas the gypsum calcines in a fire. Certain types of plastic pipe are permissible even in some Part 3 buildings, for instance CPVC piping for use in fire sprinkler applications, provided the building is not too tall and firestops are correctly employed. ABS piping, on the other hand, is not ordinarily allowed in Part 3 buildings because of its flammability. ABS catches on fire and spreads fire very quickly, whereas plastics with lower flammability do not pose as large a problem. With the presence of significant quantities of flammable substances, special provisions are employed to ensure that if a fire should occur, it is less likely to get out of control. An example of this is if a transformer, which contains flammable liquids, is often located in a fire compartment with a three hour fire-resistance rating, whereas many other walls and floors in the same building can have lesser ratings, such as 2 hours and 1 hour. Fire codes For existing buildings, fire codes focus on maintaining the occupancies as originally intended. In other words, if a portion of a building were designed as an apartment, one could not suddenly load it with flammable liquids and turn it into a gas storage facility, because the fire load and smoke development in that one apartment would be so immense as to overtax the active fire protection as well as the passive fire protection means for the building. The handling and use of flammable substances inside a building is subject to the local fire code, which is ordinarily enforced by the local fire prevention officer. Linguistics: Flammable vs. inflammable Look up flammable, inflammable in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The word inflammable came from Latin inflammÄ?re = to set fire to, where the prefix in- means in as in inside compare English in flames. But there have been instances of people thinking that this in- prefix means not as in invisible and incombustible etc, and thus wrongly thinking that inflammable means cannot burn. To avoid this safety hazard, the shortened word flammable has come into use in recent years. The Elements of Style Strunk and White says: Flammable. An oddity, chiefly useful in saving lives. The common word meaning combustible is inflammable. But some people are thrown off by the in- and think inflammable means not combustible. For this reason, trucks carrying gasoline or explosives are now marked FLAMMABLE. See also Fire test Fire protection Active fire protection Passive fire protection Flammable liquids Lower flammable limit Upper flammable limit External links Videos showing flammability of cables based on jacket rating Fire Performance of Ageing Cable Compounds, NFPA Treatise by Dr. Perry Marteny Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Flammability Categories: Fire protection | Fire prevention | Thermodynamics Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Simple English ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 11 August 2008, at 10:0
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