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16-September-2008 16:20:32 - Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Resonance Identifiers CAS number 10102-44-0 Properties Molecular formula NO2 Molar mass 46.0055 Appearance brown gas Density 1443 kg/m³, liquid 3.4 kg/m³, gas at 294.25 K Melting point -11.2°C 261.95 K Boiling point 21.1°C 293.25 K Hazards EU classification Highly toxic T+ NFPA 704 0 3 0 R-phrases R26, R34 S-phrases S1/2, S9, S26, S28,S36/37/39, S45 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 °C, 100 kPa Infobox references Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants and a poison by inhalation. Contents 1 Preparation 2 Safety and pollution considerations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Preparation Nitrogen dioxide NO2 is prepared by simple reaction of nitric acid HNO3 over copper metal. The reaction is the following: 4HNO3aq + Cus → CuNO32aq + 2NO2g + 2H2OL Safety and pollution considerations Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation. Symptoms of poisoning lung edema tend to appear several hours after one has inhaled a low but potentially fatal dose. Also, low concentrations 4 ppm will anesthetize the nose, thus creating a potential for overexposure. Long-term exposure to NO2 at concentrations above 40-100 µg/m³ causes adverse health effects1. Nitrogen dioxide is formed in most combustion processes using air as the oxidant. At elevated temperatures nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide: 2O2 + N2 → 2 NO2 The most important sources of NO2 are internal combustion engines 2, thermal power stations and, to a lesser extent, pulp mills.3 The excess air required for complete combustion of fuels in these processes introduces nitrogen into the combustion reactions at high temperatures and produces nitrous oxides NOx. Limiting NOx production demands the precise control of the amount of air used in combustion. The map shown below, depicting results of satellite measurements over Europe, illustrates nitrogen dioxide as large scale pollutant, with rural background ground level concentrations in some areas around 30 µg/m³, not far below unhealthful levels. Nitrogen dioxide plays a role in atmospheric chemistry, including the formation of tropospheric ozone. A recent study by researchers at the University of California, San Diego, suggests a link between NO2 levels and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. 4 NO2 pollution levels in Europe, from January 2003 to June 2004. NO2 pollution levels in Europe, from January 2003 to June 2004. See also Nitrogen dioxide NO2 gas converts to the colorless gas dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 at low temperatures, and converts back to NO2 at higher temperatures. Both bottles in this photograph contain equal amounts of gas at different temperatures. Nitrogen dioxide NO2 gas converts to the colorless gas dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 at low temperatures, and converts back to NO2 at higher temperatures. Both bottles in this photograph contain equal amounts of gas at different temperatures. Nitryl Nitrous oxide or N2O, laughing gas, a linear molecule, isoelectronic with CO2 but with a nonsymmetric arrangement of atoms NNO Nitric oxide or NO, a problematic pollutant that is short lived because it converts to NO2 in the presence of free oxygen. NOx = all of the above in unspecified proportions but tending toward NO2. More esoteric nitrogen oxides include N2O5 and the blue species N2O3. Oxidized cationic and reduced anionic derivatives of many of these oxides exist: nitrite NO2-, nitrate NO3-, nitronium or NO2+, and nitrosonium or NO+. NO2 is intermediate between nitrite and nitronium: NO2+ + e- → NO2 NO2 + e- → NO2- Birkeland-Eyde process References ^ Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter,Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide. Retrieved on 2008-02-25. ^ Son, Busoon; Wonho Yang, Patrick Breysse, Taewoong Chung and Youngshin Lee March 2004. Estimation of occupational and nonoccupational nitrogen dioxide exposure for Korean taxi drivers using a microenvironmental model. Environmental Research 94 3: 291-296. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2003.08.004. Retrieved on 2008-02-25. ^ Air emissions. Botnia. Retrieved on 2008-02-25. ^ Sids Linked to Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution. Retrieved on 2008-02-25. External links International Chemical Safety Card 0930 National Pollutant Inventory - Oxides of nitrogen fact sheet NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards WHO-Europe reports: Health Aspects of Air Pollution 2003 PDF and Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE 2004 PDF Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution Nitrogen dioxide pollution in the world image Computational Chemistry Wiki Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide Categories: Nitrogen compounds | Oxides | Bleaches | Hazardous air pollutants | Smog Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bosanski Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Français í•œêµì–´ Italiano Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 14 July 2008, at 12:11
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