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10-SEPTEMBER-2008 16:47:15 - Cartilage Histological appearance of hyaline cartilage under partially polarized light. Histological appearance of hyaline cartilage under partially polarized light. Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers. Cartilage is classified in three types, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, which differ in the relative amounts of these three main components. Cartilage is found in many places in the body including the articular surface of the bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. Its mechanical properties are intermediate between bone and dense connective tissue like tendon. Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The chondrocytes are fed by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Contents 1 Types of cartilage 1.1 Hyaline cartilage 1.2 Elastic cartilage 1.3 Fibrocartilage 2 Growth and development 2.1 Cartilage in fetal development 2.2 Mineralization 3 Articular Cartilage Damage 4 Repair and other treatment 5 Cartilage in animals 5.1 Cartilaginous fish 5.2 Invertebrate cartilage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Types of cartilage Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage is a hard, translucent material rich in collagen and proteoglycan. Cartilage layers are generally between 2 and 4 mm thick and are characterized by an extremely low coefficient of friction estimated to be 1/15th that of ice1. Hyaline cartilage is also found in the nose, the larynx and between the ribs and the sternum. Bones grow via a hyaline cartilage intermediate, a process called Endochondral ossification. A particular type of hyaline cartilage is articular cartilage, which is found in all moving joints of the body. Articular cartilage protects the bones by keeping their surfaces from each other; absorbing shocks and making movements smooth. In the knee, articular cartilage covers the ends of the femur, the top of the tibia and the back of the patella. Elastic cartilage Elastic cartilage contains large amounts of elastic fibers elastin scattered throughout the matrix. It is stiff yet elastic, and is important to prevent tubular structures from collapsing. Elastic cartilage is found in the pinna of the ear, in tubular structures such as the auditory Eustachian tubes and in the epiglottis. Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage is the most common form of cartilage by weight. It is characterized by a dense network of Type I collagen. It is a white, very tough material that provides high tensile strength and support. It contains more collagen and less proteoglycan than hyaline cartilage. Thus, its properties are closer to those of tendon than hyaline cartilage. It is present in areas most subject to frequent stress like intervertebral discs, the symphysis pubis and the attachments of certain tendons and ligaments. Growth and development Cartilage in fetal development In embryogenesis, the skeletal system is derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Chondrification also known as chondrogenesis is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix. Early in fetal development, the greater part of the skeleton is cartilaginous. This temporary cartilage is gradually replaced by bone Endochondral ossification, a process that ends at puberty. In contrast, the cartilage in the joints remains unossified during the whole of life and is, therefore, permanent. Mineralization Adult hyaline articular cartilage is progressively mineralized at the junction between cartilage and bone. It is then termed articular calcified cartilage. A mineralization front advances through the base of the hyaline articular cartilage at a rate dependent on cartilage load and shear stress. Intermittent variations in the rate of advance and mineral deposition density of the mineralizing front, lead to multiple tidemarks in the articular calcified cartilage. Adult articular calcified cartilage is penetrated by vascular buds, and new bone produced in the vascular space in a process similar to endochondral ossification at the physis. A cement line demarcates articular calcified cartilage from subchondral bone. Articular Cartilage Damage Articular cartilage damage is common. Cartilage structures and functions can relatively easily be harmed, often resulting in damage. Such damage can result from a variety of causes, resulting from a bad fall or sport-accident traumatic, previous knee injuries post-traumatic or wear and tear over time. Immobilisation for long periods can also result in cartilage damage. Articular cartilage damage might be found on its own but it will more often be found in conjuction with injuries to ligaments and menisci. People with previous repairs to ligaments and or menisci often face more chances to articular cartilage damage due to alterned mechanics of the joint. Secondly, a number of chondropathies may also affect cartilage structures. In medical terms, chondropathies refer to cartillage diseases. Chondrodystrophies are a group of cartilage diseases characterized by disturbance of growth and subsequent ossification of cartilage. People often mistakenly think that articular damage and osteoarthritis only affects people in their 50's or older. Although there is a greater incidence of articular cartilage problems in this age group, young people damage their articular cartilage too, especially in sports or via osteochondritis dissecans.2 Repair and other treatment Cartilage has limited autonomous repair capabilities. Because chondrocytes are bound in lacunae, they cannot migrate to damaged areas. Also, because hyaline cartilage does not have a blood supply, the deposition of new matrix is slow. Over the last decades, surgeons and biomedical companies have been working hard to elaborate surgical Articular cartilage repair interventions. Though these solutions do not perfectly restore harmed articular cartilage yet, some of the latest technologies start bringing very promising results in repairing Articular cartilage damage. Cartilage in animals Cartilaginous fish Cartilaginous fish chondrichthyes like sharks, rays and skates have a skeleton composed entirely of cartilage. Shark cartilage is a popular but unproven dietary supplement. Invertebrate cartilage Cartilage tissue can also be found among invertebrates such as horseshoe crabs, marine snails, and cephalopods. See also Connective tissue Biomechanics Shark cartilage mesenchymal stem cell Articular cartilage repair ChondroCelect ® References General references Keller-Peck, C. 2008. Vertebrate Histology, ZOOL 400. Boise State University. External links University of Kansas Medical Center Cartilage tutorial I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false? Cartilage Health - Information on Articular Cartilage Injury Prevention, Repair and Rehabilitation v d e Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis cells chondroblast, chondrocyte types hyaline, elastic, fibrous Bone ossification intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate cycle osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast types cancellous, cortical regions epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis structure osteon / Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow shapes long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cartilage Categories: Skeletal system | Tissues Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Oromoo Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 30 August 2008, at 04:21
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