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10-SEPTEMBER-2008 16:47:15 - Chitin Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-Acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in beta-1,4 linkage. Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-Acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in beta-1,4 linkage. Chitin C8H13O5Nn pronounced /ˈkaɪtÉ™n/ is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose, and it is found in many places throughout the natural world. It is the main component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans like the crab, lobster and shrimp and the insects, including ants, beetles and butterflies, the radula of mollusks and the beaks of the cephalopods, including squid and octopuses. Chitin has also proven useful for several medical and industrial purposes. Chitin is a biological substance which may be compared to the polysaccharide cellulose and to the protein keratin. Although keratin is a protein, and not a carbohydrate like chitin, both keratin and chitin have similar structural functions. Contents 1 Chemistry, physical properties and biological function 2 Etymology 3 Uses 3.1 Industrial 3.2 Medicine 3.3 Agriculture 4 References 5 External links Chemistry, physical properties and biological function Chitin is a polysaccharide; it is synthesized from units of N-acetylglucosamine more completely, N-acetyl-D-glucos-2-amine. These units form covalent β-1,4 linkages similar to the linkages between glucose units forming cellulose. Chitin may therefore be described as cellulose with one hydroxyl group on each monomer substituted with an acetylamine group. This allows for increased hydrogen bonding between adjacent polymers, giving the chitin-polymer matrix increased strength. A cicada sheds its chitinous exoskeleton. A cicada sheds its chitinous exoskeleton. In its unmodified form, chitin is translucent, pliable, resilient and quite tough. In arthropods, however, it is often modified, becoming embedded in a hardened proteinaceous matrix, which forms much of the exoskeleton. In its pure form it is leathery, but when encrusted in calcium carbonate it becomes much harder.1 The difference between the unmodified and modified forms can be seen by comparing the body wall of a caterpillar unmodified to a beetle modified. Chitin is one of many naturally occurring polymers. Its breakdown may be catalyzed by enzymes called chitinases, secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, and produced by some plants. Some of these microorganisms have receptors to simple sugars from the decomposition of chitin. If chitin is detected, they then produce enzymes to digest it by cleaving the glycosidic bonds in order to convert it to simple sugars and ammonia. Chemically, chitin is closely related to chitosan a more water-soluble derivative of chitin. It is also closely related to cellulose in that it is a long unbranched chain of glucose derivatives. Both materials contribute structure and strength, protecting the organism. Etymology The English word chitin comes from the French word chitine, which first appeared in 1836. These words were derived from the Latin word chitÅ?n, meaning mollusk. That is either influenced by, or related to the Greek word khitÅ?n, meaning tunic or frock, the Central Semitic word kittan, the Akkadian words kitû or kita'um, meaning flax or linen, and the Sumerian word gada or gida.2 A similar word, chiton, refers to a marine animal with a protective shell also known as a sea cradle. Uses Industrial Chitin is used industrially in many processes. It is used in water purification, and as an additive to thicken and stabilize foods and pharmaceuticals. It also acts as a binder in dyes, fabrics, and adhesives. Industrial separation membranes and ion-exchange resins can be made from chitin. Processes to size and strengthen paper employ chitin. Medicine This article or section may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text. by checking for inaccuracies. July 2008 help, talk, get involved! Chitin's properties as a flexible and strong material make it favourable as surgical thread. Its biodegradibility means it wears away with time as the wound heals. Moreover, chitin has some unusual properties that accelerate healing of wounds in humans. Chitin has even been used as a stand-alone wound-healing agent. 3 Occupations associated with high environmental chitin levels, such as shellfish processors, are prone to high incidences of asthma. Recent studies have suggested that chitin may play a role in a possible pathway in human allergic disease. Specifically, mice treated with chitin develop an allergic response, characterized by a build-up of interleukin-4 expressing innate immune cells. Treatment with a chitinase enzyme abolishes the response. 1 Agriculture Most recent studies point out that chitin is a good inductor for defense mechanisms in plants.citation needed It was recently tested as a fertilizer that can help plants develop healthy immune responses, and have a much better yield and life expectancy. References ^ Campbell, N. A. 1996 Biology 4th ion Benjamin Cummings, New Work. p.69 ISBN 0-8053-1957-3 ^ American Heritage dictionary of the English Language: Fourth ion. 2000. entry for chiton ^ Welcome to HaloSource, Inc. - Antimicrobial Clean Technology Solutions MartÃn-Gil FJ, Leal JA, Gómez-Miranda B, MartÃn-Gil J, Prieto A, Ramos-Sánchez MC. Low temperature thermal behaviour of chitins and chitin-glucans. Thermochim. Acta, 1992, vol. 211, pp. 241-254 External links Chitin Product Information from China GreatVista Chemicals Horseshoe Crab Chitin Research MeSH Chitin v d e Types of Carbohydrates General: Aldose | Ketose | Pyranose | Furanose Geometry Cyclohexane conformation | Anomer | Mutarotation Monosaccharides Trioses Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone | Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Tetroses Ketotetrose Erythrulose | Aldotetroses Erythrose, Threose Pentoses Ketopentose Ribulose, Xylulose Aldopentose Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose Deoxy sugar Deoxyribose Hexoses Ketohexose Psicose, Fructose, Sorbose, Tagatose Aldohexose Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gulose, Idose, Galactose, Talose Deoxy sugar Fucose, Fuculose, Rhamnose Heptose Sedoheptulose Multiple Disaccharides Sucrose | Lactose | Trehalose | Maltose Trisaccharides Raffinose | Melezitose | Maltotriose Tetrasaccharides Acarbose | Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Fructooligosaccharide FOS | Galacto-oligosaccharide GOS | Mannan-oligosaccharides MOS Polysaccharide Glycogen | Starch Amylose | Amylopectin | Cellulose | Chitin | Inulin | Dextrin | Glucan Beta-glucan Glycosaminoglycans Heparin | Chondroitin sulfate | Hyaluronan | Heparan sulfate | Dermatan sulfate | Keratan sulfate Aminoglycosides Kanamycin | Streptomycin | Tobramycin | Neomycin | Paromomycin | Apramycin | Gentamicin | Netilmicin | Amikacin Major families of biochemicals Saccharides | Carbohydrates | Glycosides | | Amino acids | Peptides | Proteins | Glycoproteins | | Lipids | Terpenes | Steroids | Carotenoids Alkaloids | Nucleobases | Nucleic acids | | Enzyme cofactors | Flavonoids | Polyketides | Tetrapyrroles Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Chitin Categories: Biomolecules | PolysaccharidesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2008 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БеларуÑ?каÑ? тарашкевіца БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Ido Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 27 August 2008, at 16:33
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