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10-SEPTEMBER-2008 16:47:15 - Cobalt For other uses, see Cobalt disambiguation. It has been suggested that Cobalt Poisoning be merged into this article or section. Discuss 27 iron â†? cobalt → nickel - ↑ Co ↓ Rh Cobalt in the periodic table of the elements Periodic table - Extended periodic table General Name, symbol, number cobalt, Co, 27 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 9, 4, d Appearance metallic with gray tinge Standard atomic weight 58.9331955 g·mol-1 Electron configuration Ar 4s2 3d7 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 15, 2 Color a grayish silver Density near r.t. 8.90 g·cm-3 Liquid density at m.p. 7.75 g·cm-3 Melting point 1768 K 1495 °C, 2723 °F Boiling point 3200 K 2927 °C, 5301 °F Heat of fusion 16.06 kJ·mol-1 Heat of vaporization 377 kJ·mol-1 Specific heat capacity 25 °C 24.81 J·mol-1·K-1 Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198 Atomic properties Crystal structure hexagonal Oxidation states 4 1, 3, 2, 1 2 amphoteric oxide Electronegativity 1.88 Pauling scale Ionization energies more 1st: 760.4 kJ·mol-1 2nd: 1648 kJ·mol-1 3rd: 3232 kJ·mol-1 Atomic radius 135 pm Atomic radius calc. 152 pm Covalent radius 126 pm Miscellaneous Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic Electrical resistivity 20 °C 62.4 nΩ·m Thermal conductivity 300 K 100 W·m-1·K-1 Thermal expansion 25 °C 13.0 µm·m-1·K-1 Speed of sound thin rod 20 °C 4720 m/s Young's modulus 209 GPa Shear modulus 75 GPa Bulk modulus 180 GPa Poisson ratio 0.31 Mohs hardness 5.0 Vickers hardness 1043 MPa Brinell hardness 700 MPa CAS registry number 7440-48-4 Selected isotopes Main article: Isotopes of cobalt iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 56Co syn 77.27 d ε 4.566 56Fe 57Co syn 271.79 d ε 0.836 57Fe 58Co syn 70.86 d ε 2.307 58Fe 59Co 100% 59Co is stable with 32 neutrons 60Co syn 5.2714 years β-,γ,γ 2.824 60Ni References This box: view talk Cobalt pronounced /ˈkoÊŠbÉ’lt/ is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal, a chemical element with symbol Co. It is found in various ores, and is used in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys. Its compounds are used in the production of inks, paints, and varnishes. Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Isotopes 2.1 Cobalt radioisotopes in medicine 2.2 Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes 3 Applications 4 History 5 Occurrence 6 Compounds 7 Biological role 8 Isotopes 9 Precautions 10 References notes 11 External links Notable characteristics Cobalt is a silver or gray ferromagnetic metal. Pure cobalt is not found in nature, but compounds of cobalt occur naturally in many forms. Small amounts of it are found in most rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals. It is the element of atomic number 27. The Curie temperature is 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. In nature, it is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt which is the basis of vitamin B12. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K. Cobalt has a hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.1 Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2 and +3, although compounds with oxidation state +1 are also well developed. Isotopes Main article: Isotopes of cobalt 59Co is the only stable cobalt isotope. 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 60Co with a half-life of 5.2714 years, 57Co with a half-life of 271.79 days, 56Co with a half-life of 77.27 days, and 58Co with a half-life of 70.86 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 18 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states, all of which have half-lives less than 15 minutes. The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u 50Co to 73 u 73Co. The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope, 59Co, is electron capture and the primary mode of decay for those of greater than 59 atomic mass units is beta decay. The primary decay products before 59Co are element 26 iron isotopes and the primary products after are element 28 nickel isotopes. Cobalt radioisotopes in medicine Cobalt-60 Co-60 or 60Co is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. The 60Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiation field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection. Cobalt-60 has a radioactive half-life of 5.27 years. This decrease in activity requires periodic replacement of the sources used in radiotherapy. This is one more reason why cobalt machines have been largely replaced by linear accelerators linacs in modern radiation therapy. Cobalt-57 Co-57 or 57Co is a radioactive metal that is used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin B12 uptake. It is useful for the Schilling test.2 Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes Cobalt-60 Co-60 or 60Co is useful as a gamma ray source because it can be produced-in predictable quantity, and high activity-by simply exposing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor for a given time. It is used for sterilization of medical supplies, and medical waste; radiation treatment of foods for sterilization cold pasteurization; industrial radiography e.g., weld integrity radiographs; density measurements e.g., concrete density measurements; and tank fill height switches. Cobalt-59 is used as a source in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Applications Alloys, such as Superalloys, for parts in gas turbine aircraft engines. Corrosion- and wear-resistant alloys. High speed steels. Cemented carbides also called hard metals and diamond tools. Magnets and magnetic recording media. Alnico magnets. Samarium-cobalt magnets. Catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries, e.g. for hydroformylation and oxidation. Electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation. Drying agents for paints, varnishes, and inks. Ground coats for porcelain enamels. Pigments cobalt blue and cobalt green. Cobalt blue glass Cobalt blue glass Lithium ion battery electrodes. Steel-belted radial tires. Purification of histidine-tagged fusion proteins in biotechnology applications. History Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes, and ceramics. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture and Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of Pompeii destroyed AD 79, and in China dating from the Tang dynasty AD 618-907 and the Ming dynasty AD 1368-16443. Cobalt glass ingots have been recovered from the Uluburun shipwreck, dating to the late 14th century BC.4 Swedish chemist George Brandt 1694-1768 is cred with isolating cobalt in 1735. He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. During the 19th century, cobalt blue was produced at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket 70-80% of world production, led by the Prussian industrialist Benjamin Wegner. In 1938, John Livingood and Glenn Seaborg discovered cobalt-60. The word cobalt is derived from the German kobalt, from kobold meaning goblin, a term used for the ore of cobalt by miners. The first attempts at smelting the cobalt ores to produce cobalt metal failed, yielding cobaltII oxide instead; not only that, but because of cobalt's curious affinity for arsenic, the primary ores of cobalt always contain arsenic, and upon smelting the arsenic oxidized into the highly toxic As4O6, which was breathed in by workers. Occurrence Cobalt ore Cobalt ore Cobalt output in 2005 Cobalt output in 2005 World production trend World production trend Cobalt is not found as a native metal but generally found in the form of ores. Cobalt is usually not mined alone, and tends to be produced as a by-product of nickel and copper mining activities. The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, and skutterudite. In 2005, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was the top producer of cobalt with almost 40% world share, followed by Canada, Zambia, Russia, Brazil, and Cuba, reports the British Geological Survey. Compounds There is a wide variety of cobalt compounds. The +2 and +3 oxidation states are most prevalent, however cobaltI complexes are also fairly common. CobaltII salts form the red-pink CoOH262+ complex in aqueous solution. Adding excess chloride will also change the color from pink to blue, due to the formation of CoCl42-. Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature: CoO Neel temperature 291 K and Co3O4 Neel temperature: 40 K, which is analogous to magnetite Fe3O4, with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states. The oxide Co2O3 is probably unstable; it has never been synthesized. Other than Co3O4 and the brown fluoride CoF3 which is instantly hydrolyzed in water, all compounds containing cobalt in the +3 oxidation state are stabilized by complex ion formation. see also Category:Cobalt compounds Biological role Cobalt in small amounts is essential to many living organisms, including humans. Having 0.13 to 0.30 mg/kg of cobalt in soils markedly improves the health of grazing animals. Cobalt is a central component of the vitamin cobalamin, or vitamin B12. Isotopes 60Co is a high-energy gamma ray emitter. Acute high-dose exposures to the gamma emissions can cause severe burns and death. Extended exposures increase the risk of morbidity or mortality from cancer.5 Nuclear weapon designs could intentionally incorporate 59Co, some of which would be activated in a nuclear explosion to produce 60Co. The 60Co, dispersed as nuclear fallout, creates what is sometimes called a dirty bomb or cobalt bomb. Precautions Although cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amounts, at higher levels of exposure it shows mutagenic and carcinogenic effects similar to nickel see Cobalt Poisoning .6 Powdered cobalt in metal form is a fire hazard. References notes Los Alamos National Laboratory: Cobalt ^ Properties and Facts for Cobalt ^ JPNM Physics Isotopes ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Online. ^ Pulak, Cemal 1998. The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27 3: 188-224. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x. ^ The Juarez accident ^ 11th ROC: Cobalt Sulfate External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cobalt Look up cobalt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. National Pollutant Inventory - Cobalt fact sheet WebElements.com - Cobalt London celebrates 50 years of Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy v d e Periodic table H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanoids Actinoids Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cobalt Categories: Chemical elements | Dietary minerals | Transition metals | Cobalt | Ferromagnetic materialsHidden categories: Articles to be merged since February 2008 | Articles containing non-English language text Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu AzÉ™rbaycan বাংলা БеларуÑ?каÑ? Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Чăвашла ÄŒesky Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ हिनà¥?दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית ಕನà³?ನಡ Kiswahili Kurdî / كوردی Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lojban Magyar МакедонÑ?ки മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Occitan O'zbek Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Seeltersk Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Тоҷикӣ Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 21 August 2008, at 10:16
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