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10-SEPTEMBER-2008 16:47:15 - Creatine For the use of creatine to enhance athletic performance, please see Creatine supplements. Creatine Creatine IUPAC name 2-Carbamimidoyl-methyl- aminoacetic acid Other names α-Methylguanidoacetic acid Creatin Kreatin Methylguanidinoacetic acid N-Amidinosarcosine Identifiers CAS number 57-00-1 EINECS number 200-306-6 SMILES NH2+=CNNCCCO-=O Properties Molecular formula C4H9N3O2 Molar mass 131.13 g/mol Melting point 303 °C decomp. Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 °C, 100 kPa Infobox references Creatine is nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to muscle and nerve cells. Creatine was identified in 1832 when Michel Eugène Chevreul discovered it as a component of skeletal muscle, which he later named creatine after the Greek word for flesh, Kreas. Contents 1 Function 2 Biosynthesis 3 Controversy 4 Side effects 5 Sources 6 Creatine and the treatment of muscular diseases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Function Creatine, by way of conversion to and from phosphocreatine, functions in all vertebrates and some invertebrates, in conjunction with the enzyme creatine kinase. A similar system based on arginine/phosphoarginine operates in many invertebrates via the action of Arginine Kinase. The presence of this energy buffer system keeps the ATP/ADP ratio high at subcellular places where ATP is needed, which ensures that the free energy of ATP remains high and minimizes the loss of adenosine nucleotides, which would cause cellular dysfunction. Such high-energy phosphate buffers in the form of phosphocreatine or phosphoarginine are known as phosphagens. In addition, due to the presence of subcompartmentalized Creatine Kinase Isoforms at specific sites of the cell, the phosphocreatine/creatine kinase system also acts as an intracellular energy transport system from those places where ATP is generated mitochondria and glycolysis to those places where energy is needed and used, e.g., at the myofibrils for muscle contraction, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum SR for calcium pumping, and at the sites of many more biological processes that depend on ATP.12345 Biosynthesis In humans, about half of the daily creatine is biosynthesized from three different amino acids - arginine, glycine, and methionine. The rest is taken in by alimentary sources. Ninety-five percent of creatine is later stored in the skeletal muscles. The pathway for the synthesis of creatineArg - Arginine; GAMT - Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase; GATM - Glycine amidinotransferase; Gly - Glycine; Met - Methionine; SAH - S-adenosyl homocysteine; SAM - S-adenosyl methionine.The color scheme is as follows:enzymes, coenzymes and the Met part, substrate names, the Gly part, the Arg part The pathway for the synthesis of creatine Arg - Arginine; GAMT - Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase; GATM - Glycine amidinotransferase; Gly - Glycine; Met - Methionine; SAH - S-adenosyl homocysteine; SAM - S-adenosyl methionine. The color scheme is as follows:enzymes, coenzymes and the Met part, substrate names, the Gly part, the Arg part The enzyme GATM L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1 is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis, and is primarily expressed in the kidneys and pancreas1. The second enzyme in the pathway GAMT, guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase, EC:2.1.1.2 is primarily expressed in the liver and pancreas2. Genetic deficiencies in the creatine biosynthetic pathway lead to various severe neurological defects3. Controversy This article or section contains weasel words, vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. While creatine's effectiveness in the treatment of many muscular, neuromuscular, and neuro-degenerative diseases is documented,6 its utility as a performance-enhancing food supplement in sports has been questioned7 see creatine supplements for more informationdubious - discuss. Some have even proposed that its use as a performance enhancer should be banned.8 9 10 Despite this, creatine remains very popular.11 Side effects Short-term use of creatine in healthy individuals is generally considered safe see Creatine supplements#Safety. , studies have not yet been able to demonstrate either long-term or short term creatine supplementation result in adverse health effects.12 Creatine supplementation utilizing proper cycling and dosages has not been linked with any adverse side effects beyond occasional dehydration due to increased muscular water uptake from the rest of the body.13 According to the opinion statement of the European Food Safety Authorities EFSA published in 2004 it was concluded that The safety and bioavailability of the requested source of creatine, creatine monohydrate in foods for particular nutritional uses, is not a matter of concern provided that there is adequate control of the purity of this source of creatine minimum 99.95% with respect to dicyandiamide and dihydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives, as well as heavy metal contamination. The EFSA Panel endorses the previous opinion of the SCF that high loading doses 20 gram / day of creatine should be avoided. Provided high purity creatine monohydrate is used in foods for particular nutritional uses, the Panel considers that the consumption of doses of up to 3g/day of supplemental creatine, similar to the daily turnover rate of creatine, is unlikely to pose any risk.14 This opinion is corroborated by the fact that creatine is a natural component in mothers' milk and that creatine is absolutely necessary for brain development in the human embryo and the baby, as well as for optimal physiological functioning of the adult human body, especially the brain, nervous system, the muscles and other organs and cells of high energy expenditure, where the creatine kinase CK system is highly expressed and creatine levels are high. Side effects that produce lower leg pain may be associated with the use of creatine. Creatine may be the cause of an increase in the anterior pressures of the lower leg. This is usually found in post-creatine use when at rest and after exercise. Normal at-rest pressures have been found to be highly elevated by subjects who used creatine within the prior 35 days when compared to no supplementation. This can produce an extreme amount of pain in the lower leg due to the rigidity of the anterior compartment of the lower leg and lack of fluid drainage out of the compartment. It may also be exasperated by the increase of water content in the muscle fibers, putting more pressure on the anterior compartment. If this condition persist, check with your doctor and inform them of your creatine use and dosage. Although this condition may and usually does subside, if left untreated complications may occur that require emergency medical attention. If the levels remain high for a long period of time, irreversible damage to tissue may occur, particularly to the peroneal nerve. These conditions can further be found under Chronic Compartment Syndrome.15 Sources In humans, approximately half of stored creatine originates from food mainly from fresh meat. Since vegetables do not contain creatine, vegetarians show lower levels of muscle creatine which, upon creatine supplementation, rise to a level higher than in meat-eaters.16 Creatine and the treatment of muscular diseases Creatine supplementation has been, and continues to be, investigated as a possible therapeutic approach for the treatment of muscular, neuromuscular, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases arthritis, congestive heart failure, Parkinson's disease, disuse atrophy, gyrate atrophy, McArdle's disease, Huntington's disease, miscellaneous neuromuscular diseases, mitochondrial diseases, muscular dystrophy, neuroprotection, etc.. Two studies have indicated that creatine may be beneficial for neuromuscular disorders. First, a study demonstrated that creatine is twice as effective as the prescription drug riluzole in extending the lives of mice with the degenerative neural disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease17. The neuroprotective effects of creatine in the mouse model of ALS may be due either to an increased availability of energy to injured nerve cells or to a blocking of the chemical pathway that leads to cell death. Second, creatine has been demonstrated to cause modest increases in strength in people with a variety of neuromuscular disorders18. Third, creatine has been shown to be beneficial as an adjuvant treatment for several neuro-muscular and neuro-degenerative diseases 11,12 and its potential is just beginning to be explored in several multi-center clinical studies in the USA and elsewhere. See also Adenosine triphosphate ATP Beta-alanine Creatine kinase Creatine methyl ester Creatine phosphate Phosphocreatine Citric acid cycle Krebs cycle Creatine Ethyl Ester Coenzyme Q10 Idebenone Lipoic acid Pyritinol Vitamin B5 Nitric oxide References ^ Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T. 2006 Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Feb;17622:164-80. Review ^ Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppenberger HM. 1992 Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J. 1992 Jan 1;281 Pt 1:21-40. Review. ^ Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease 2007 Series: Subcellular Biochemistry , Vol. 46 Salomons, Gajja S.; Wyss, Markus Eds. 2007, XVIII, 352 p., Hardcover ISBN 978-1-4020-6485-2 ^ Wallimann T, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Neumann D, Epand RM, Epand RF, Andres RH, Widmer HR, Hornemann T, Saks VA, Agarkova I, Schlattner U. 2007 The phospho-creatine circuit: molecular and cellular physiology of creatine kinases, sensitivity to free radicals and enhancement by creatine supplementation. In: Molecular Systems Bioenergetics: Energy for Life, Basic Principles, Organization and Dynamics of Cellular Energetics Saks, V.A., or, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 195-264 2007 ^ Anders RH, Ducray AD, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Widmer HR. Functions and effects of creatine in the central nervous system Brain Research Bulletin 2008 in press ^ Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease 2007 Series: Subcellular Biochemistry , Vol. 46 Salomons, Gajja S.; Wyss, Markus Eds. 2007, XVIII, 352 p., Hardcover ISBN 978-1-4020-6485-2 ^ Edward G. McFarland, M.D. 2002-10-04. Sports Enhancers - The Good, the Questionable and the Dangerous. Johns Hopkins Hospital. Retrieved on 2008-01-08. ^ AFSSA calls for creatine ban. ^ The NCAA's Advertising and Promotional Standards 2006-11-01. ...impermissible Nutritional Supplements that NCAA member institutions may not provide to student-athletes e.g., creatine... ^ Parliament of Ireland. See section titled Ban on creatine. ^ Creatine sales totaled $193 million in 2003 - or roughly 10% of the $1.9-billion sports supplement market, according to the San Diego-based Nutrition Business Journal ^ Creatine Studies, Possible Adverse Effects of Creatine Supplementation. ^ Bizzarini E, De Angelis L. December 2004. Is the use of oral creatine supplementation safe?. J Sports Med Phys Fitness.. PMID 15758854. ^ EFSA statement, 26 April 2006. ^ Journal of Athletic Training 2001;361:85-88 http://www.nata.org/jat/readers/archives/36.1/i1062-6050-036-01-0085.pdf ^ Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Candow DG, Mahoney D, Tarnopolsky M 2003. Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 35 11: 1946-55. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000093614.17517.79. PMID 14600563. ^ Klivenyi P, Ferrante RJ, Matthews RT, Bogdanov MB, Klein AM, Andreassen OA, Mueller G, Wermer M, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Beal MF. mar 1999. Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature Medicine. 5 3: 347-350. doi:10.1038/6568. PMID 10086395. ^ Tarnopolsky M, Martin J 1999. Creatine monohydrate increases strength in patients with neuromuscular disease. Neurology 52 4: 854-7. PMID 10078740. External links NCBI Online Mendelian Inheritance In MAN OMIM GATM human mutation record Quackwatch on creatine BBC News - Creatine 'boosts brain power' Review article on creatine's function in the neurological context from the Science Creative Quarterly Creatine Supplementation for Health and Diseases on Creatine and Creatine Kinase Function Creatine during Pregnancy and Protection of Babies against Anoxia A mouse study v d e Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal Supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium Vitamins Whole food supplements Vitamins and minerals Retinol Vitamin A B vitamins: Thiamine B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic acid B5 Pyridoxine B6 Biotin B7 Folic acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol Vitamin D Tocopherol Vitamin E Naphthoquinone Vitamin K Calcium Choline Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine/Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Metabolife Hadacol Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Creatine Categories: Amino acids | Bodybuilding supplements | Dietary supplements | GuanidinesHidden categories: Articles with weasel words | All pages needing cleanup | Articles with disputed statements Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 30 August 2008, at 04:1
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