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14-September-2008 12:50:34 - denialism Electron micrograph of the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS denialism disputes the existence of HIV or its role in causing AIDS. Electron micrograph of the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS denialism disputes the existence of HIV or its role in causing AIDS. AIDS denialism refers to the views of a loosely connected group of individuals and organizations who deny that the human immunodeficiency virus HIV is the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS. HIV/AIDS denialists prefer the terms rethinker or dissident. Some denialist groups reject the existence of HIV, while others accept that HIV exists but argue that it is a harmless passenger virus and not the cause of AIDS. The causative role of HIV in the development of AIDS has been established and is the subject of scientific consensus.12 Denialist arguments are considered to be the result of cherry-picking and misrepresentation of predominantly outdated scientific data,3 with the potential to endanger public health by dissuading people from using proven treatments.456278 With the rejection of these arguments by the scientific community, AIDS denialist material is currently spread largely through the Internet.8 Contents 1 Timeline 2 The AIDS denialist community 2.1 Former dissidents 2.2 Death of HIV-positive denialists 3 AIDS denialists claims 4 Impact beyond the scientific community 4.1 Impact in North America and Europe 4.1.1 In the scientific literature 4.1.2 In the lay press and via the Internet 4.2 Impact in South Africa 4.2.1 Durban Declaration 4.2.2 Criticism of governmental response 4.3 Potential harm from AIDS denialism 5 See also 6 Other reading 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Scientific consensus 8.2 Denialist Timeline 1983: A group of scientists and doctors at the Pasteur Institute in France, led by Luc Montagnier, discovers a new virus in a patient with signs and symptoms that often precede AIDS.9 They name their discovery lymphadenopathy-associated virus, or LAV, and send samples to Robert Gallo's team in the United States. 1984: On April 23, at a Washington press conference held after the relevant scientific publications have been peer reviewed and slated for publication in Science, Margaret Heckler, Secretary of Health and Human Services, announces that Gallo and his co-workers have discovered a virus that is the probable cause of AIDS. This virus is initially named HTLV-III.10 1984: Casper Schmidt responds to Gallo's papers by writing The Group-Fantasy Origins of AIDS, which is published by the Journal of Psychohistory.11 He posits that AIDS is an example of epidemic hysteria in which groups of people are subconsciously acting out social conflicts, and compares it to documented cases of epidemic hysteria in the past which were mistakenly thought to be infectious. Schmidt himself died of AIDS in 1994.12 1986: The viruses discovered by Montagnier and Gallo, having been found to be genetically indistinguishable, are renamed HIV.13 1987: Peter Duesberg questions the HIV theory of AIDS for the first time in his paper Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality, published in the journal Cancer Research.14 This publication coincides with the start of major public health campaigns and the promotion of AZT as a treatment. 1988: A panel of the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academy of Sciences finds that the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is scientifically conclusive.1 1988 Science publishes, in the same issue, Blattner, Gallo, and Temin's HIV causes AIDS, and Peter Duesberg's HIV is not the cause of AIDS. 1988: A group of denialists based in Perth, Australia Perth Group, led by Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, publishes in the non-peer-reviewed journal Medical Hypotheses their first article questioning aspects of HIV/AIDS research.15 They conclude that there is no compelling reason for preferring the viral hypothesis of AIDS to one based on the activity of oxidising agents. 1989. Duesberg exercises his right, as a member of the National Academy of Sciences, to publish his arguments in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS without peer review. The or of PNAS initially resists, but ultimately allows Duesberg to publish, saying: If you wish to make these unsupported, vague, and prejudicial statements in print, so be it. But I cannot see how this would be convincing to any scientifically trained reader.16 1990: Robert Root-Bernstein publishes his first peer-reviewed article detailing his objections to the mainstream view of AIDS and HIV, entitled Do we know the causes of AIDS?17 In it, he questions both the mainstream view and the dissident view as potentially inaccurate. 1991: The Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis, comprised of twelve scientists, doctors, and activists, submits a short letter to various journals; the letter is rejected. Another similar letter would be published 4 years later in the journal Science.18 1993: Nature publishes an orial by John Maddox titled Has Duesberg a right of reply?. 1993. Maddox answers the titular question with a no. According to Duesberg, the full-page orial is prompted by Duesberg's request for additional data about the article Does drug use cause AIDS?, which claims that the Duesberg hypothesis is wrong. Maddox accuses Duesberg of asking unanswerable rhetorical questions19 1993: The Perth group publishes at Biotechnology the article Is a positive western blot proof of HIV infection?. The Group asked for a reappraisal of the Western Blot test used to detect the HIV. They allege that the test is not standardized, non-reproducible, and of unknown specifity, due to an alleged lack of use of a gold standard in the development of the test. 1994, 28 October: Robert Willner, a physician whose medical license was revoked for, among other things, treating an AIDS patient with ozone therapy, publicly jabs his finger with blood he says is from an HIV-infected patient.6 Willner dies the following year of a heart attack.20 1995: The denialist group Continuum places an advertisement in The Pink Paper offering a £1,000 reward to the first person finding one scientific paper establishing actual isolation of HIV according to their specific set of rules.21 1996: Various scientists, including Duesberg, dismiss the Continuum challenge, asserting that HIV doubtlessly exists.21 1996:The British Medical Journal publishes Response: arguments contradict the foreign protein-zidovudine hypothesis as a response to a petition by Peter Duesberg: In 1991 Duesberg challenged researchers...We and Darby et al have provided that evidence. The paper argued that Duesberg was wrong regarding the cause of AIDS in haemophiliacs. In 1997 the Perth Group publishes HIV antibodies: further questions and a plea for clarification. 1997, followed in 1998 by HIV antibody tests and viral load - more unanswered questions and a further plea for clarification. The group hypothesized that the production of antibodies recognizing HIV proteins can be caused by allogenic stimuli and autoimmune disorders, questioning the existence of HIV based upon this speculation. They repeated this argument in a 2006 article No proof HIV antibodies are caused by a retroviral infection. 1998: Valerie Emerson, of Bangor, Maine, prevails in court in Maine for her right to refuse to give AZT to her 4-year-old son Nikolas Emerson, after she witnessed the death of her daughter Tia, who died at the age of 3 in 1996.22 Nikolas Emerson died eight years later.23 2000: South Africa's President, Thabo Mbeki, invites several HIV/AIDS denialists to join his Presidential AIDS Advisory Panel.24 The scientific community responds with the Durban declaration, a document affirming that HIV causes AIDS, signed by over 5,000 scientists and physicians.7 2006: Celia Farber, a journalist and prominent AIDS denialist, publishes an essay in the March issue of Harper's entitled Out of Control: AIDS and the Corruption of Medical Science, in which she summarizes a number of arguments for AIDS denialism and alleges incompetence, conspiracy, and fraud on the part of the medical community.25 Leading scientists and AIDS activists extensively criticized the article as inaccurate, misleading, and poorly fact-checked.26 2007: Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos and Valendar Francis Turner testify at an appeals hearing for Andre Chad Parenzee, stating that HIV cannot be transmitted by heterosexual sex. The judge concluded: I reject the evidence of Ms Papadopulos-Eleopulos and Dr Turner. I conclude...that they are not qualified to give expert opinions27 The AIDS denialist community People critical of the scientific consensus on AIDS include HIV-positive persons, government employees, scientists, doctors, and activists in several countries. One of the most famous and influential AIDS denialist scientists is Peter Duesberg, professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, who has been contesting the mainstream view of AIDS causation since 1987.14 Other scientists associated with AIDS denialism include biochemists David Rasnick and Harvey Bialy. Kary Mullis, who was awarded a Nobel Prize for his role in the development of PCR, has expressed sympathy for dissident theories.28 Other notable AIDS denialists include Australian academic ethicist Hiram Caton, the late mathematician Serge Lang,29 Professor Emeritus of Chemistry Science Studies at Virginia Tech Henry Bauer, journalist Celia Farber and activist Christine Maggiore. Nate Mendel, bassist with the rock band Foo Fighters, expressed support for AIDS dissident ideas and organized a benefit concert in January 2000 for the AIDS denialist organization Alive Well AIDS Alternatives.30 The Foo Fighters no longer list Alive Well AIDS Alternatives among the causes they support.31 Organizations of AIDS denialists include the Perth Group started by several Australian denialists in Perth, Western Australia, and the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis. AIDS denialism has received some support from some political conservatives in the United States. Duesberg's work has been published by the conservative Heritage Foundation and Regnery Press, as has Tom Bethell's book The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science, which endorsed AIDS denialism. Phillip E. Johnson has accused the Centers for Disease Control of fraud in relation to HIV/AIDS.32 Describing the political aspects of the AIDS denialism movement, Steven Epstein wrote in Impure Science that ...the appeal of Duesberg's views to conservatives-certainly including those with little sympathy for the gay movement-cannot be denied.33p. 158 Paleolibertarian anti-state/pro-market blog LewRockwell.com has published articles supportive of AIDS denialism.34 Former dissidents Several prominent scientists who once voiced doubts about HIV/AIDS science have since changed their views and accepted the idea that HIV plays a role in causing AIDS, in response to an accumulation of newer studies and data.35 Robert Root-Bernstein, author of Rethinking AIDS: The Tragic Cost of Premature Consensus and formerly a critic of the causative role of HIV in AIDS, has since distanced himself from the AIDS denialist movement, saying, Both the camp that says HIV is a pussycat and the people who claim AIDS is all HIV are wrong... The denialists make claims that are clearly inconsistent with existing studies. When I check the existing studies, I don't agree with the interpretation of the data, or, worse, I can't find the studies at all.36 Joseph Sonnabend, who until the late 1990s regarded the issue of AIDS causation as unresolved, has reconsidered in light of the success of newer antiretroviral drugs, stating, The evidence now strongly supports a role for HIV... Drugs that can save your life can also under different circumstances kill you. This is a distinction that denialists do not seem to understand.36 Sonnabend has also criticized AIDS denialists for falsely implying that he supports their position, saying: Some individuals who believe that HIV plays no role at all in AIDS have implied that I support their misguided views on AIDS causation by including inappropriate references to me in their literature and on their web sites. Before HIV was discovered and its association with AIDS established, I held the entirely appropriate view that the cause of AIDS was then unknown. I have successfully treated hundreds of AIDS patients with antiretroviral medications, and have no doubt that HIV plays a necessary role in this disease.37 Both Sonnabend and Root-Bernstein now favor a less controversial hypothesis, suggesting that cofactors in addition to HIV are necessary to cause AIDS. Walter Gilbert, winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, once expressed skepticism about the role of HIV in AIDS. Like Sonnabend, he has since changed his mind in response to the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment.38 As of June 2008, denialist websites continue to claim that Root-Bernstein, Sonnabend39 and Gilbert doubt the role of HIV in AIDS.40 A former denialist wrote in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004: The group of denialists regularly points to a substantial number of scientists supportive of its agenda to re-evaluate the HIV/AIDS hypothesis. Some of those members still listed are people who have been dead for a number of years. While it is correct that these people supported the objective of a scientific re-evaluation of the HIV/AIDS link when they were alive, it is clearly difficult to ascertain what these people would have made of the scientific developments and the accumulation of evidence for HIV as the crucial causative agent in AIDS, which has occurred in the years after their deaths.41 Death of HIV-positive denialists In 2007, aidstruth.org, a website run by HIV researchers to counter denialist claims,42 published a partial list of AIDS denialists who had died of apparently AIDS-related causes. For example, the magazine Continuum, run by HIV-positive denialists, shut down when its ors all died of AIDS-related causes. In every case, the AIDS denialist community attributed the deaths to unknown causes, secret drug use, or stress rather than HIV/AIDS.4341 Similarly, several HIV-positive former dissidents have reported being ostracized by the AIDS-denialist community after they developed AIDS and decided to pursue effective antiretroviral treatment.44 AIDS denialists claims See also: Duesberg hypothesis Although members of the AIDS denialist community are united by their disagreement with the concept that HIV is the cause of AIDS, the specific positions taken by various groups differ. Denialist arguments have centered around claims that HIV does not exist or has not been adequately isolated,45 that the virus does not fulfill Koch's postulates,46 that HIV testing is inaccurate,47 or that antibodies to HIV neutralize the virus and render it harmless.48 Suggested alternative causes of AIDS include recreational drugs, malnutrition and the very antiretroviral drugs used to treat the syndrome.49 Denialists claim that these drugs are exceptionally toxic and cause the very symptoms they are supposed to delay.50 To support this claim, they cite two studies from the late 1980s whose authors said they found it difficult to distinguish adverse events possibly associated with administration of Retrovir AZT from underlying signs of HIV disease or intercurrent illnesses.51 Such claims have been examined extensively in the peer-reviewed medical and scientific literature; a scientific consensus has arisen that denialist claims have been convincingly disproved, and that HIV does indeed cause AIDS.25253 In the cases cited by Duesberg where HIV cannot be isolated, PCR or other techniques demonstrate the presence of the virus,54 and many denialist claims of HIV test inaccuracy result from an incorrect or outdated understanding of how HIV antibody testing is performed and interpreted.5556 Early denialist arguments held that the HIV/AIDS paradigm was flawed because it had not led to effective treatments. However, the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the mid-1990's and dramatic improvements in survival of HIV/AIDS patients reversed this argument, as these treatments were based directly on the HIV/AIDS paradigm.57 The development of effective anti-HIV therapy has been a major factor in convincing some denialist scientists to accept the causative role of HIV in AIDS.41 Impact beyond the scientific community AIDS denialist claims have failed to attract support in the scientific community, where the evidence for the causative role of HIV in AIDS is considered conclusive. However, the AIDS denialist movement has had a significant impact outside of scientific spheres, making the debate a civil and political as well as a public health issue. Impact in North America and Europe Skepticism about HIV as the cause of AIDS began almost immediately after the discovery of HIV was announced. One of the earliest prominent skeptics was the journalist John Lauritsen, who argued in his writings for The New York Native that AIDS was in fact caused by amyl nitrite poppers, and that the government had conspired to hide the truth.58 In the scientific literature The publication of Peter Duesberg's first AIDS paper in 1987 provided further support for denialist claims. Shortly afterwards, the journal Science reported that Duesberg's remarks had won him a large amount of media attention, particularly in the gay press where he is something of a hero.59 However, Duesberg's support in the gay community dried up as he made a series of statements perceived as homophobic; in an interview with the Village Voice in 1988, Duesberg stated his belief that the AIDS epidemic was caused by a lifestyle that was criminal twenty years ago.33, p. 118 In the following few years, others became skeptical of the HIV theory as researchers initially failed to produce an effective treatment or vaccine for AIDS.60 Journalists such as Neville Hodgkinson and Celia Farber regularly promoted denialist ideas in the American and British media; several television documentaries were also produced to increase awareness of the alternative viewpoint.61 In 1992-1993, The Sunday Times, where Hodgkinson served as scientific or, ran a series of articles arguing that the AIDS epidemic in Africa was a myth. These articles stressed Duesberg's claims and argued that antiviral therapy was ineffective, HIV testing unreliable, and that AIDS was not a threat to heterosexuals. The Sunday Times coverage was heavily criticized as slanted, misleading, and potentially dangerous; the scientific journal Nature took the unusual step of printing a 1993 orial calling the paper's coverage of HIV/AIDS seriously mistaken, and probably disastrous.62 Finding difficulty in publishing his arguments in the scientific literature, Duesberg exercised his right as a member of the National Academy of Sciences to publish in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS without going through the peer review process. However, Duesberg's paper raised a red flag at the journal and was submitted by the or for non-binding review. All of the reviewers found major flaws in Duesberg's paper; the reviewer specifically chosen by Duesberg noted the presence of misleading arguments, nonlogical statements, misrepresentations, and political overtones.16 Ultimately, Duesberg's article was published in PNAS;63 its or wrote to Duesberg: If you wish to make these unsupported, vague, and prejudicial statements in print, so be it. But I cannot see how this would be convincing to any scientifically trained reader.16 In the lay press and via the Internet With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART in 1996-1997, the survival and general health of people with HIV improved significantly.57 The positive response to treatment with anti-HIV medication cemented the scientific acceptance of the HIV/AIDS paradigm, and led several prominent AIDS denialists to accept the causative role of HIV.3641 Finding their arguments increasingly discred by the scientific community, denialists took their message to the popular press. A former denialist wrote: Scientists among the HIV dissidents used their academic credentials and academic affiliations to generate interest, sympathy, and allegiances in lay audiences. They were not professionally troubled about recruiting lay people-who were clearly unable to evaluate the scientific validity or otherwise of their views-to their cause.41 In addition to elements of the popular and alternative press, AIDS denialist ideas are propagated largely via the Internet. A 2007 article in PLoS Medicine noted: Because these denialist assertions are made in books and on the Internet rather than in the scientific literature, many scientists are either unaware of the existence of organized denial groups, or believe they can safely ignore them as the discred fringe. And indeed, most of the HIV deniers' arguments were answered long ago by scientists. However, many members of the general public do not have the scientific background to critique the assertions put forth by these groups, and not only accept them but continue to propagate them.8 AIDS activists have expressed concern that denialist arguments about HIV's harmlessness may be responsible for an upsurge in HIV infections. Denialist claims continue to exert a significant influence in some communities; a survey conducted at minority gay pride events in four American cities in 2005 found that 33% of attendees doubted that HIV caused AIDS.64 According to Stephen Thomas, director of the University of Pittsburgh Center for Minority Health:65 People are focusing on the wrong thing. They're focusing on conspiracies rather than protecting themselves, rather than getting tested and seeking out appropriate care and treatment. Impact in South Africa AIDS denialist claims have had a major political, social, and public health impact in South Africa. The government of President Thabo Mbeki has been sympathetic to the views of AIDS denialists; critics charge that denialist influence has been responsible for a slow and ineffective governmental response to the country's massive AIDS epidemic. Durban Declaration In 2000, when the International AIDS Conference was held in Durban, Mbeki convened a Presidential Advisory Panel containing a number of AIDS denialists, including Peter Duesberg and David Rasnick.66 The Advisory Panel meetings were closed to the general press; an invited reporter from the Village Voice wrote that Rasnick advocated that HIV testing be legally banned and denied that he had seen any evidence of an AIDS catastrophe in South Africa, while Duesberg gave a presentation so removed from African medical reality that it left several local doctors shaking their heads.24 In his address to the International AIDS Conference, Mbeki reiterated his view that HIV was not wholly responsible for AIDS, leading hundreds of delegates to walk out on his speech.67 Mbeki also sent a letter to a number of world leaders likening the mainstream AIDS research community to supporters of the apartheid regime.66 The tone and content of Mbeki's letter led diplomats in the U.S. to initially question whether it was a hoax.6869 AIDS scientists and activists were dismayed at the president's behavior and responded with the Durban declaration, a document affirming that HIV causes AIDS, signed by over 5,000 scientists and physicians.767 Criticism of governmental response South African health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang has also attracted heavy criticism, as she has often promoted nutritional remedies such as garlic, lemons, beetroot and olive oil, to people suffering from AIDS,707172 while emphasizing possible toxicities of antiretroviral drugs, which she has referred to as poison.73 The South African Medical Association has accused Tshabalala-Msimang of confusing a vulnerable public.74 In September 2006, a group of over 80 scientists and academics called for the immediate removal of Dr. Tshabalala-Msimang as minister of health and for an end to the disastrous, pseudoscientific policies that have characterized the South African government's response to HIV/AIDS.75 In December 2006, deputy health minister Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge described denial at the very highest levels over AIDS.76 She was subsequently fired by Mbeki.77 Mbeki's government has been widely criticized for delaying the rollout of programs to provide antiretroviral drugs to people with advanced HIV disease and to HIV-positive pregnant women. The national treatment program began only after the Treatment Action Campaign TAC brought a legal case against Government ministers, claiming they were responsible for the deaths of 600 HIV-positive people a day who could not access medication.7866 South Africa was one of the last countries in the region to begin such a treatment program, and roll-out has been much slower than planned.73 At the XVI International AIDS Conference, Stephen Lewis, U.N. special envoy for AIDS in Africa, attacked Mbeki's government for its slow response to the AIDS epidemic and reliance on denialist claims: It South Africa is the only country in Africa ... whose government is still obtuse, dilatory and negligent about rolling out treatment... It is the only country in Africa whose government continues to promote theories more worthy of a lunatic fringe than of a concerned and compassionate state.75 In 2002, Mbeki requested that AIDS denialists no longer use his name in denialist literature, and requested that denialists stop signing documents with Member of President Mbeki's AIDS Advisory Panel.66 In early 2005, former South African president Nelson Mandela announced that his son had died of complications of AIDS. Mandela's public announcement was seen as both an effort to combat the stigma associated with AIDS, and as a political statement designed to... force the President Mbeki out of his denial.7980 Potential harm from AIDS denialism Many AIDS experts and activists have alleged that the AIDS denialist movement endangers lives by persuading people to abandon safer sex or forego HIV testing and treatment.658182 In particular, the Durban declaration stated that: HIV causes AIDS. It is unfortunate that a few vocal people continue to deny the evidence. This position will cost countless lives.7 In response to such accusations, the denialist Perth Group has denied encouraging unsafe sex or drug use; indeed, they contend that passive anal sex and drug use increase risk of AIDS and should be avoided.83 Duesberg argues that although HIV itself is harmless, HIV-infected people are treated with medications which he claims cause AIDS symptoms; therefore, he argues, condom use will protect people who have an average of 1,000 sexual contacts with HIV-positives from infection, and thus from AIDS caused by anti-HIV medication.84 See also Actup SF HIV and AIDS misconceptions Other reading See also Pieter Fourie, The Political Management of HIV and AIDS in South Africa: One burden too many? Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, ISBN 0230006671 References ^ a b Confronting AIDS: Update 1988, a report from the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academy of Sciences, published in 1988. On page 2 of the Executive Summary, the panel writes that ...the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is scientifically conclusive. ^ a b c The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS: a fact sheet from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Accessed February 29, 2008. ^ Denying science 2006. Nat. Med. 12 4: 369. doi:10.1038/nm0406-369. PMID 16598265. To support their ideas, some AIDS denialists have also misappropriated a scientific review in Nature Medicine which opens with this reasonable statement: Despite considerable advances in HIV science in the past 20 years, the reason why HIV-1 infection is pathogenic is still debated. ^ Watson J. 2006. Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists'. Nat Med. 12 1: 6. doi:10.1038/nm0106-6a. 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Perspect Biol Med 33 4: 480-500. PMID 2216658. ^ Baumann E, Bethell T, Bialy H, Duesberg P, Farber C, Geshekter C, Johnson P, Maver R, Schoch R, Stewart G 1995. AIDS proposal. Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis. Science 267 5200: 945-6. PMID 7863335. ^ Inventing the AIDS virus, by Peter Duesberg. ISBN 0895263998 ,Page 401 ^ Bugl, Paul. The Rise of HIV/AIDS. Department of Mathematics, University of Hartford. Retrieved on 2007-01-22. ^ a b Isolated facts about HIV A Response to Claims by AIDS Dissidents That HIV Doesn't Exist by Edward King ^ Boy Is Healthy Without Drug For H.I.V., Mother Says - New York Times ^ Nikolas Emerson, 11; case led to legal fight over HIV - The Boston Globe ^ a b Debating the Obvious: Inside the South African Government's Controversial AIDS Panel, by Mark Schoofs. Published in the Village Voice, 5-11 July 2000. Accessed 26 Feb 2007. ^ Out of Control: AIDS and the Corruption of Medical Science, by Celia Farber. Published in Harper's, March 2006. Accessed 27 Feb 2007. ^ An Article in Harper's Ignites a Controversy Over H.I.V., by Lia Miller. Published in the New York Times on March 13, 2006, accessed April 25, 2008. ^ Brisbane Times Shadow of doubters ^ Dancing Naked in the Mind Field by Kary Mullis. Chapter 18 19. Excerpt re-printed in Penthouse Magazine September 1998. ^ Serge Lang, 78, a Gadfly and Mathematical Theorist, Dies The New York Times ^ Foo Fighters, HIV Deniers, Mother Jones magazine, published 25 February 2000. Accessed 21 Oct 2006. ^ 1 Accessed 25 April 2008. ^ HIV AIDS - Statement About CDC Fraud. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. ^ a b Steven Epstein. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20233-3. ^ Search at lewrockwell.com about the issue ^ HIV, AIDS, and the Distortion of Science. By Martin Delaney. Accessed 1 Dec 2006. ^ a b c Dead Certain? by Bob Lederer. Published in POZ magazine April 2006. Accessed 31 Oct 2006. ^ Statement by Joseph Sonnabend, MD, from aidstruth.org. Accessed July 6, 2007. ^ Nobel Denial?, Ken Witwer, June 2007. Accessed 1 May 2008: Walter Gilbert has long been named by the denialist community as one of its Nobelists. But if Walter Gilbert was ever a denialist, does he remain so today? Apparently not: correspondence between Walter Gilbert and Richard Jefferys was published on the Internet in 2006, demonstrating that, whatever Gilbert once thought about HIV, he now recognizes the virus as the cause of AIDS. ^ virusmyth.com Whistle Blowers, Accessed 1 May 2008 ^ List of Rethinkers: List of people who are claimed to subscribe to AIDS denialist beliefs; some of the listed individuals did not sign the list or have since changed their minds. Accessed 1 May 2008. ^ a b c d e Schüklenk U February 2004. Professional responsibilities of biomedical scientists in public discourse. J Med Ethics 30 1: 53-60; discussion 61-2. PMID 14872076. PMC:1757140. ^ Cohen J 2007. HIV/AIDS. AIDSTruth.org Web site takes aim at 'denialists'. Science 316 5831: 1554. doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1554. PMID 17569834. ^ AIDS Denialists Who Have Died, from aidstruth.org. Accessed July 19, 2007. ^ Bad science: They once thought HIV was harmless. Now, they say, AIDS has forced them to reconsider, by Bruce Mirken. Published in the San Francisco Bay Guardian on February 2, 2000; accessed May 9, 2008. ^ Turner V. 1999 E-Mail Correspondence Between Val Turner and Robin Weiss ^ Duesberg P 1989. Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: correlation but not causation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86 3: 755-64. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.3.755. PMID 2644642. ^ Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Turner V, Papadimitriou J 1993. Is a positive western blot proof of HIV infection?. Biotechnology N Y 11 6: 696-707. doi:10.1038/nbt0693-696. PMID 7763673. ^ HealToronto.com, dissident website, claiming to provide 10 reasons why HIV cannot cause AIDS. Accessed 28 September 2006. ^ Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D 2003. The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition. J Biosci 28 4: 383-412. doi:10.1007/BF02705115. PMID 12799487. ^ Articles on AZT hosted by Peter Duesberg ^ Virusmyth.net: HIV AIDS - AZT, Zidovudine, Retrovir - Product Information ^ Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS, from the Centers for Disease Control. Accessed 26 Feb 2007. ^ World Health Organization HIV and AIDS Programme, from the World Health Organization website. Accessed 26 Feb 2007. ^ O'Brien SJ, Goedert JJ. 1996. HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled. Curr Opin Immunol. 8: 613-618. doi:10.1016/S0952-79159680075-6. PMID 8902385. ^ HIV Science and Responsible Journalism ^ How Immunoassays Work: The Curious Case of AIDS Denialist Roberto Giraldo and his Ignorance of the Basics ^ a b Major studies confirming the benefits and effectiveness of modern anti-HIV therapy include, but are not limited to: Lima V, Hogg R, Harrigan P, Moore D, Yip B, Wood E, Montaner J 2007. Continued improvement in survival among HIV-infected individuals with newer forms of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 21 6: 685-92. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32802ef30c. PMID 17413689. Jordan R, Gold L, Cummins C, Hyde C 2002. Systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for increasing numbers of drugs in antiretroviral combination therapy. BMJ 324 7340: 757. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7340.757. PMID 11923157. - full text Ivers L, Kendrick D, Doucette K 2005. Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy programs in resource-poor settings: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Clin Infect Dis 41 2: 217-24. doi:10.1086/431199. PMID 15983918. Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, Kirk O, Reiss P, d'Arminio Monforte A, Knysz B, Dietrich M, Phillips A, Lundgren J 2003. Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet 362 9377: 22-9. doi:10.1016/S0140-67360313802-0. PMID 12853195. Sterne J, Hernán M, Ledergerber B, Tilling K, Weber R, Sendi P, Rickenbach M, Robins J, Egger M 2005. Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 366 9483: 378-84. doi:10.1016/S0140-67360567022-5. PMID 16054937. ^ Biography of John Lauritsen at Virusmyth.com, a dissident website. Accessed 7 Sept 2006. ^ Booth W. 1988 A rebel without a cause of AIDS. Science 2394847, 1485-8 PMID 3281251 ^ Burkett, E 1996 The Gravest Show on Earth Chapter 2 ISBN 0-312-14607-8 ^ VirusMyth, a dissident website, accessed June 2, 2006. ^ British Paper and Science Journal Clash on AIDS, by William E. Schmidt. Published in the New York Times on December 10, 1993; accessed April 25, 2008. ^ Duesberg PH 1989. Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: correlation but not causation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 3: 755-64. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.3.755. PMID 2644642. ^ Hutchinson A.B., Begley E.B. et al. 2005 Mistrust and Conspiracy Beliefs about HIV/AIDS among Participants in Minority Gay Pride Events. 2005 National HIV Prevention Conference Abstract TP-011 ^ a b The HIV Disbelievers, by David France. Published in Newsweek on August 19, 2000. ^ a b c d The Politics of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: a Journ-AIDS Fact Sheet. Accessed 26 Feb 2007. ^ a b Controversy dogs AIDS forum, from the BBC. Accessed 26 Feb 2007. ^ Proof Positive: How African Science Has Demonstrated That HIV Causes AIDS, by Mark Schoof. Published in the Village Voice, July 5-11 2000 issue. Accessed April 20, 2007. ^ South African President Escalates AIDS Feud, by Barton Gellman. Published in the Washington Post on April 19, 2000. Accessed 26 Feb 2007. ^ Beetroot battle at world AIDS conference, by Anso Thom. Published on Health-e on August 21, 2006. Accessed March 9, 2007. ^ 'Dr Beetroot' hits back at media over Aids exhibition, article in the Mail Guardian Online. Accessed 20 Sept 2006. ^ Manto again angers AIDS activists, from AEGIS.com. Accessed 20 Sept 2006. ^ a b AIDS, Science and GovernancePDF 377 KiB ^ Press Release: SAMA calls for end to misrepresentation on treatment of AIDS, issued August 29, 2006. From the South African Medical Association website, accessed March 12, 2007. ^ a b Scientists Rip S. African AIDS Policies, by Terry Leonard. Published in the Washington Post on September 6, 2006. Accessed 5 March 2007. ^ African Minister Ends Decade of Denial over AIDS, from The Daily Telegraph. Published online November 12, 2006. Accessed 5 March 2007. ^ Sacked S Africa Minister Hits Out, from the BBC. Published August 10, 2007; accessed August 11, 2007. ^ Current Developments Preventing Mother-To-Child HIV Transmission In South Africa: Background, Strategies And Outcomes Of The Treatment Action Campaign Case Against The Minister Of Health ^ No Place for Denial, by Simon Robinson. Published in Time magazine on January 9, 2005. Accessed 26 Feb 2007. ^ Mandela's Eldest Son Dies of AIDS, by Tom Happold. Published in The Guardian on January 6, 2005. Accessed March 9, 2007. ^ HIV Science and Responsible Journalism, presented at the XVI International AIDS Conference, accessed 7 Sept 2006. ^ International Experts Meet In Mexico City To Plan AIDS 2008 Programme, With Focus On Latest Developments In HIV Research, Prevention And Care, International AIDS Society, 20 March 2007, accessed 22 March 2007 ^ Perth Group Response to Professor Moore ^ Duesberg.com Frequently Asked Questions External links Scientific consensus National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIAID Focus on the HIV-AIDS Connection: Resources and Links Series of articles in Science magazine examining denialist claims HIV Denial in the Internet Era, from PLoS Medicine, August 2007 Avert.org: Evidence that HIV causes AIDS AEGIS: News and Views on AIDS Causality AidsTruth.org Denialist Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis Peter Duesberg website The Perth Group v d e Conspiracy Theories Core topics Conspiracy · List of conspiracy theories · Conspiracy fiction · Conspiracy thriller New World Order theories Bilderberg Group · Bohemian Grove · Skull and Bones · Trilateral Commission · Freemasons · Illuminati · Black helicopters · ODESSA · The Protocols of Zion · Judaeo-Masonic-Marxist plot · Eurabia False Flag theories Sinking of the RMS Lusitania 1915 · Reichstag Fire 1933 · Operation Gladio · USS Liberty incident 1967 · Pan Am Flight 103 1988 · Russian apartment bombing 1993 · World Trade Center bombing 1993 · Oklahoma City bombing 1995 · Port Arthur Massacre 1996 · TWA Flight 800 1996 · 9/11 conspiracy theories 2001 · Madrid Train Bombing 2004 · London Bombings 2005 Assassination theories Eric V of Denmark 1286 · Abraham Lincoln 1865 · Franz Ferdinand 1914 · Phar Lap 1932 · Marilyn Monroe 1962 · John F Kennedy 1963 · Malcolm X 1965 · Robert F Kennedy 1968 · Martin Luther King Jr. 1968 · Pope John Paul I 1978 · Yitzhak Rabin 1995 · Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 · David Kelly 2003 · Alexander Litvinenko 2006 · Benazir Bhutto 2007 UFO theory Alien Abduction · Roswell Incident 1947 · Mantell Incident 1948 · Area 51 Other theories Soviet Space Program 1957-66 · Paul McCartney's death 1966 · Apollo Moon Landing hoax 1969 · Elvis Presley's survival 1977 · Mind Control · AIDS origins · AIDS reappraisal · CIA drug trafficking · New Coke 1985 · Waco Siege 1993 · SARS 2003 · Reptilian humanoid · Global Warming Verified Conspiracies Dreyfus affair 1894 · Gleiwitz incident 1939 · Watergate 1972 · Project MKULTRA 1975 · Operation Mockingbird · Operation Northwoods · Iran-Contra Affair v d e HIV/AIDS topics HIV HIV · AIDS · HIV structure and genome · HIV test · CDC Classification System for HIV Infection · HIV disease progression rates · HIV vaccine · WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease · AIDS dementia complex · Antiretroviral drug · Tuberculosis coinfection History AIDS origin · AIDS pandemic · AIDS Museum · AIDS timeline Culture International AIDS Conference · International AIDS Society · World AIDS Day · Treatment Action Campaign · Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNAIDS · President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PEPFAR · NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt · HIV and AIDS misconceptions · List of HIV-positive people · People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement · HIV-positive fictional characters · AIDS advocacy Denialism Duesberg hypothesis · Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa South Africa · Uganda North America United States Asia China PRC · India · Japan · Myanmar Burma · Pakistan · Taiwan ROC Caribbean Eastern Europe Central Asia Russia Western Europe Latin America Brazil List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/AIDS_denialism Categories: AIDS origin hypotheses | AIDS denialism Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano 日本語 Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 23:1
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