Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 12:50:34 - origin Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding from cultured lymphocyte. Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding from cultured lymphocyte. HIV, the infectious agent that causes AIDS, is thought to have originated in non-human primates in sub-Saharan Africa and to have been transferred to humans during the 20th century. Two species of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 may have originated from the Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus atys, an Old World monkey of Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, and Cameroon.1 HIV-1 is more virulent. It is easily transmitted and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. HIV-2 is less transmittable and is largely confined to West Africa. HIV-1 is the species described below. Contents 1 Likely spread from animal to human populations 1.1 Cameroon chimpanzees hypothesis 1.2 Oral polio vaccine hypothesis 1.3 Method of spread 2 History of known cases and spread 2.1 1955-1957: British printer incorrectly reported as an AIDS death 2.2 1959: Congolese man 2.3 1959: Haitian clerk 2.4 1969: Robert R. 2.5 1969: Arvid Noe 2.6 Gradual spread 2.7 1981-2: From GRID to AIDS 3 Genetic studies 4 Identification of the virus 4.1 May 1983: LAV 4.2 May 1984: HTLV-III 4.3 Jan 1985: both found to be the same 4.4 May 1986: the name HIV 5 See also 6 Notes Likely spread from animal to human populations Most HIV researchers agree that HIV evolved from the closely related Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV, and that HIV was transferred from non-human primates to humans in the recent past as a type of zoonosis. The details of how and where this occurred remain controversial, and no single hypothesis has been unanimously accepted. Cameroon chimpanzees hypothesis The most widely accepted hypothesis is the so-called 'Hunter' Theory, according to which a human bushmeat hunter was bitten or cut while hunting an ape, resulting in infection.2 Researchers announced in May, 2006 that HIV-1 most likely originated in wild chimpanzees in the southeastern rain forests of Cameroon modern East Province34 rather than in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo formerly Zaire, as had previously been believed. Seven years of research and 1,300 chimpanzee genetic samples led Dr. Beatrice Hahn, of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, to identify chimpanzee communities near Cameroon's Sanaga River as the most likely original reservoir of HIV-1.5 Calculations based on a fixed viral mutation rate suggest that the jump from chimpanzee to human likely occurred during the French colonial period 1919-1960. Comparative primatologist Jim Moore suggests that colonial practices may have created conditions conducive to the spread of the virus. The hardships of forced labour could have suppressed the immune system of the initial hunter, allowing the virus to infect and take hold. Likewise, vaccination campaigns against illnesses such as sleeping sickness may have sped the initial spread of HIV-1 when immunisation needles were re-used. Needles were also shared in the booming colonial city of Kinshasa, where the virus spread.6 Other technological and social disruptions, especially those that affected the food supply and the hunting of bushmeat, are thought to have promoted the cross-over from chimpanzees and the spread amongst humans.7 Oral polio vaccine hypothesis Main article: OPV AIDS hypothesis Freelance journalist Tom Curtis discussed this controversial possibility for the origin of HIV/AIDS in a 1992 Rolling Stone magazine article. He put forward what is now known as the OPV AIDS hypothesis, which suggests that AIDS was inadvertently caused in the late 1950s in the Belgian Congo by Hilary Koprowski's research into a polio vaccine.8 Koprowski pursued legal action against Rolling Stone, and the magazine published a clarification stating that its ors never intended to suggest in the article that there is any scientific proof, nor do they know of any scientific proof, that Dr. Koprowski, an illustrious scientist, was in fact responsible for introducing AIDS to the human population.9 Hooper'sclarify research resulted in his publishing a 1999 book, The River, in which he alleged that an experimental oral polio vaccine prepared using chimpanzee kidney tissue was the route through which simian immunodeficiency virus SIV crossed into humans. This hypothesis deals with the route of possible transmission of SIV to humans, but unlike other theories it requires SIV to more quickly mutate into HIV, and it does not offer an explanation for this.10 This theory is contradicted by an analysis of genetic mutation in primate lentivirus strains that estimates the origin of the HIV-1 strain to be around 1930, with 95% certainty of it lying between 1910 and 1950.11 While few scientists have questioned the fundamental soundness of the phylogenetic approach employed, some have questioned the validity of the associated molecular clock mechanism for accurately gauging the passage of time without specific corroborating data,12 as in this case. Hooper rejects the dates calculated using a fixed mutation rate, saying phylogenetic dating of the most recombinogenic organisms known to medical science, immunodeficiency viruses, is inherently incapable of making any allowance for recombination.1310 A vial of the original vaccine used in the Wistar Institute vaccination program was analyzed in April 2001, and no traces of either HIV-1 or SIV were found in the sample.14 A second analysis showed that only macaque monkey kidney cells, which cannot be infected with SIV or HIV, were used to produce the vaccine.15 The hypothesis that oral polio vaccine was involved in the origin of AIDS has been investigated and generally rejected by the scientific community.16171819202122 Method of spread After the initial transfer of SIV from a non-human primate to humans, and the mysterious and sudden change or possible mutation into HIV, the virus ultimately spread via contact among humans to the rest of the world. Since a cross species jump is most likely the origin of HIV, and since HIV became a true epidemic, transmissible from human to human, then the following conditions were needed: a large human population; a large nearby population of the appropriate host animal; an infectious pathogen in the host animal, that eventually produces a mutation that can spread from animal to human; interaction between the species to transmit enough of it to humans to establish a human foothold, which may take millions of individual exposures; a mutation of same pathogen that can spread from human to human; some method that allows the pathogen to disperse widely. This prevents the infection from burning out by either killing off its human hosts or provoking immunity in a local population of humans. Such requirements existed in the remote past with smallpox, and also with the 20th century Spanish flu, despite Spanish flu's New World origin at Fort Riley, Kansas there the animal reservoir seems to have been two species, chickens and pigs, which were of Old World origin. Two species of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more virulent and more easily transmitted. HIV-1 is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world, while HIV-2 is less easily transmitted and is largely confined to West Africa.23 Both species of the virus HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in West-Central Africa and jumped species zoonosis from a non-human primate to humans. HIV-1 somehow came from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz found in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes.24 DNA sequencing indicates that HIV-1 group M entered the human population in the early 20th century, probably sometime between 1915 and 1941.2526 HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, this one found in sooty mangabeys an Old World monkey of Guinea-Bissau.27 SIVs in non-human primates tend to cause non-fatal disease. Comparison of the gene sequence of SIV with HIV should therefore give us information about the factors necessary to cause disease in humans. The factors that determine the virulence of HIV as compared to most SIVs are only now being elucidated. Non-human SIVs contain a nef gene that down-regulates CD3, CD4, and MHC class I expression; most non-human SIVs therefore do not induce immunodeficiency; the HIV nef gene however has lost its ability to down-regulate CD3, which results in the immune activation and apoptosis that is characteristic of chronic HIV infection.28 History of known cases and spread 1955-1957: British printer incorrectly reported as an AIDS death The oldest documented possible case of the then-unknown syndrome was thought to have been detected in 1959, when a 25-year-old British printer who had travelled in the navy between 1955 and 1957 but apparently not to Africa sought help at the Royal Infirmary of Manchester, England. He reported to have been suffering from puzzling symptoms, among them purplish skin lesions, for nearly two years. His condition had taken a turn for worse during Christmas 1958, when he started suffering from shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, rapid weight loss, night sweats and high fever. The doctors thought he might be suffering from tuberculosis and, even though they found no evidence of bacterial infection, they treated him for tuberculosis just to be safe, to no avail. The sailor continued to weaken and he died shortly after in August 1959. His autopsy revealed evidence of two unusual infections, cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia PCP, later, when redetermined as P. jirovecii, renamed Pneumocystis pneumonia, very rare at the time but now commonly associated with AIDS patients. His case had puzzled his doctors, who preserved tissue samples from him and for years retained some interest in solving the mystery. Sir Robert Platt, then president of the Royal College of Physicians, wrote in the sailor's hospital chart that he wondered if we are in for a new wave of virus disease now that the bacterial illnesses are so nearly conquered. It was only 31 years later, after the AIDS pandemic had become well-known and widespread, that they decided to perform HIV-tests on the preserved tissues of the sailor, which initially turned out a positive result. The case was reported in the July 7, 1990 issue of the British medical journal The Lancet; their claim was retracted in a letter in the January 20, 1996 issue where they reported that the tissue sample had become contaminated in the laboratory Corbitt G, Bailey A, Williams G. HIV infection in Manchester, 1959 . Lancet 1990; ii: 51.2930 1959: Congolese man One of the earliest documented HIV-1 infections was discovered in a preserved blood sample taken in 1959 from a man from Leopoldville, Belgian Congo now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.31 However, it is unknown whether this anonymous person ever developed AIDS and died of its complications.32 1959: Haitian clerk Another early case was probably detected that same year, 1959, in a 48-year-old Haitian, who 30 years before had immigrated to the United States and at the time was working as a shipping clerk for a garment manufacturer in Manhattan. He developed similar symptoms to those just described for the British sailor, and died the same year, apparently of the same very rare kind of pneumonia. Many years later, Dr. Gordon R. Hennigar, who had performed this man's autopsy, was asked whether he thought his patient had died of AIDS; he replied You bet and added It was so unusual at the time. Lord knows how many cases of AIDS have been autopsied that we didn't even know had AIDS. I think it's such a strong possibility that I've often thought about getting them to send me the tissue samples.33 1969: Robert R. In 1969, a 15-year-old African-American male known to medicine as Robert R. died at the St. Louis City Hospital from aggressive Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS was suspected as early as 1984, and in 1987, researchers at Tulane University School of Medicine confirmed this, finding HIV-1 in his preserved blood and tissues. The doctors who worked on his case at the time suspected he was a prostitute, though the patient did not discuss his sexual history with them in detail.3435363738 1969: Arvid Noe In 1976, a Norwegian sailor named Arvid Noe, his wife, and his nine-year-old daughter died of AIDS. The sailor had first presented symptoms in 1969, four years after he had spent time in ports along the West African coastline. Tissue samples from the sailor and his wife were tested in 1988 and found to contain the HIV-1 virus Group O.394041 Gradual spread A 2007 genetic study suggests that the HIV strains present in the early 1980s arrived in the United States from Haiti in the late sixties or early seventies. It is believed to have arrived in Haiti from central Africa, possibly through professional contacts with the newly independent Congo.42 The disease has an incubation period of several years, and with a small incidence, was not noticed at first. In the United States and Africa, HIV was at first mostly found only in residents of large cities. The infection is now more widespread in rural areas, and has appeared in regions such as China and India, where it was previously not evident. 1981-2: From GRID to AIDS The AIDS epidemic officially began on June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report newsletter reported unusual clusters of Pneumocystis pneumonia PCP caused by a form of Pneumocystis carinii now recognized as a distinct species Pneumocystis jirovecii in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.43 Over the next 18 months, more PCP clusters were discovered among otherwise healthy men in cities throughout the country, along with other opportunistic diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma44 and persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy45, common in immunosuppressed patients. In June 1982, a report of a group of cases amongst gay men in Southern California suggested that a sexually transmitted infectious agent might be the etiological agent,46 and the syndrome was initially termed GRID, or gay-related immune deficiency.47 Health authorities soon realized that nearly half of the people identified with the syndrome were not homosexual men. The same opportunistic infections were also reported among hemophiliacs,48 heterosexual intravenous drug users, and Haitian immigrants.49 By August 1982, the disease was being referred to by its new CDC-coined name: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS.50 In other languages AIDS became known as: Afrikaans: VIGS Verworwe Immuniteitsgebreksindroom Portuguese: AIDS in Brazil and SIDA SÃndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida in other Portuguese-speaking countries French: SIDA: Syndrome d'Immuno-Déficience Acquise.51 Spanish: SIDA: SÃndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida Greek: ΣΕΑΑ: ΣÏ?νδÏ?ομο Επίκτητης Ανοσοποιητικής ΑνεπάÏ?κειας Russian: СПИД: Синдром приобретённого иммунного дефицита also иммунодефицитаclarify Irish Gaelic: SEIF Siondróm Easpa ImdhÃonachta Faighte Genetic studies or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. May 2008 A 2007 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Michael Worobey and Dr. Arthur Pitchenik claimed that, based on the results of genetic analysis, HIV probably moved from Africa to Haiti and then entered the United States around 1969.52 Identification of the virus May 1983: LAV In May 1983, doctors from Dr. Luc Montagnier's team at the Pasteur Institute in France, reported that they had isolated a new retrovirus from lymphoid ganglions that they believed was the cause of AIDS.53 The virus was later named lymphadenopathy-associated virus LAV and a sample was sent to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, which was later passed to the National Cancer Institute NCI.5455 May 1984: HTLV-III In May 1984 a team led by Robert Gallo of the United States confirmed the discovery of the virus, but they renamed it human T lymphotropic virus type III HTLV-III.5657 Jan 1985: both found to be the same In January 1985 a number of more detailed reports were published concerning LAV and HTLV-III, and by March it was clear that the viruses were the same, were from the same source, and were the etiological agent of AIDS.5859 May 1986: the name HIV In May 1986, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ruled that both names should be dropped and a new name, HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus, be used.60 See also CCR5-Δ32 AIDS Conspiracy Theories Notes ^ Reeves, J. D. and Doms, R. W 2002. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2. J. Gen. Virol. 83 Pt 6: 1253-1265. PMID 12029140. ^ Annabel Kanabus Sarah Allen. Updated by Bonita de Boer 2007. The Origins of HIV the First Cases of AIDS. AVERT an international HIV and AIDS charity based in the UK. Retrieved on 2007-02-28. ^ Gao, F., Bailes, E., Robertson, D. L., Chen, Y., Rodenburg, C. M., Michael, S. F., Cummins, L. B., Arthur, L. O., Peeters, M., Shaw, G. M., Sharp, P. M., and Hahn, B. H. 1999. Origin of HIV-1 in the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 397 6718: 436-441. doi:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410. ^ Keele, B. F., van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y. Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M. L., Bibollet-Ruche, F., Chen, Y., Wain, L. V., Liegois, F., Loul, S., Mpoudi Ngole, E., Bienvenue, Y., Delaporte, E., Brookfield, J. F. Y., Sharp, P. M., Shaw, G. M., Peeters, M., and Hahn, B. H. 2006. Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1. Science Online 2006-05-25: 523. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. PMID 16728595. ^ USATODAY.com - HIV's ancestry traced to wild chimps in Cameroon ^ Origin of AIDS Linked to Colonial Practices in Africa - Colonial practices, shared needles in Cameroon, Kinshasa ^ Chitnis, A., Rawls, D. Moore, J. 2000. Origin of HIV-1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa? AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 16: 5-8. retrieved 23 January 2008 ^ Curtis, T. 1992. The origin of AIDS. Rolling Stone 626: 54-59, 61, 106, 108. ^ Rolling Stone clarification on Koprowski and OPV AIDS hypothesis ^ a b Hooper, E. 1999. The River : A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS, 1st, Boston, MA: Little Brown Co, 1-1070. ISBN 0-316-37261-7. ^ Korber B, Muldoon M, Theiler J, et al. January 30 - February 2, 2000. Timing the origin of the HIV-1 pandemic. Programs and abstracts of the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Abstract L5. Online version at United States National Library of Medicine ^ Robinson, Richard 2006 Relaxing the Clock Brings Time Back to Phylogenetics PLOS Biology 4:5 e106 online ^ Ed Hooper Beatrice Hahn. A Portrait of Scientific Certainty. Retrieved December 6, 2006. ^ Blancou, P. et al. Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS Nature: 410, p. 1045-1046 2001 ^ Blancou, P. et al. Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS Nature: 410, p. 1045-1046 2001 ^ Panel nixes Congo trials as AIDS source 1992. Science 258 5083: 738-9. PMID 1439779. ^ Rambaut A, Robertson DL, Pybus OG, Peeters M, Holmes EC 2001. Human immunodeficiency virus. Phylogeny and the origin of HIV-1. Nature 410 6832: 1047-8. doi:10.1038/35074179. PMID 11323659. ^ Poinar H, Kuch M, Pääbo S 2001. Molecular analyses of oral polio vaccine samples. Science 292 5517: 743-4. doi:10.1126/science.1058463. PMID 11326104. ^ Weiss RA 2001. Polio vaccines exonerated. Nature 410 6832: 1035-6. doi:10.1038/35074222. PMID 11323649. ^ Worobey M, Santiago M, Keele B, Ndjango J, Joy J, Labama B, Dhed'A B, Rambaut A, Sharp P, Shaw G, Hahn B 2004. Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted. Nature 428 6985: 820. doi:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367. ^ Blancou P, Vartanian J, Christopherson C, Chenciner N, Basilico C, Kwok S, Wain-Hobson S 2001. Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS. Nature 410 6832: 1045-6. doi:10.1038/35074171. PMID 11323657. ^ Berry N, Davis C, Jenkins A, Wood D, Minor P, Schild G, Bottiger M, Holmes H, Almond N 2001. Vaccine safety. Analysis of oral polio vaccine CHAT stocks. Nature 410 6832: 1046-7. doi:10.1038/35074176. PMID 11323658. ^ http://www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk/JGVDirect/18253/18253ft.htm ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/abs/397436a0_fs.html ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrievedb=PubMedlist_uids=10846155dopt=Abstract ^ http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/papers/Lemey%20et%20al%202004%20Genetics.pdf ^ http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/publications.html?id=132 ^ Schindler M, Münch J, Kutsch O, et al. 2006. Nef-mediated suppression of T cell activation was lost in a lentiviral lineage that gave rise to HIV-1. Cell 125: 1055-67. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.033. ^ THE DOCTOR'S WORLD; Puzzle of Sailor's Death Solved After 31 Years: The Answer Is AIDS - New York Times ^ http://www.newsrx.com/newsletters/AIDS-Weekly/1996-01-29/01299613278859AW.html Researchers Admit Being Wrong About Suspected 1959 AIDS Case, AIDS Weekly 1996-01-29. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6667/abs/391594a0_fs.html ^ Zhu, T., Korber, B. T., Nahmias, A. J., Hooper, E., Sharp, P. M. and Ho, D. D. 1998. An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the Epidemic. Nature 391 6667: 594-597. doi:10.1038/35400. PMID 9468138. ^ How Long Has Virus Been Stalking Victims? ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrievedb=PubMedlist_uids=3418874dopt=Abstract ^ http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/Abstracts/rr99.html ^ http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-01-03 ^ http://ww2.aegis.org/news/ct/1987/CT871003.html ^ KOLATA, GINA 1987-10-28. BOY'S 1969 DEATH SUGGESTS AIDS INVADED U.S. SEVERAL TIMES, New York Times. ^ http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7123/1689 ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrievedb=PubMedlist_uids=2897596dopt=Abstract ^ Hooper, E. 1997. Sailors and star-bursts, and the arrival of HIV. BMJ 315 7123: 1689-1691. PMID 9448543. ^ Study Says AIDS in U.S. Earlier than Thought ^ CDC 1981. Pneumocystis Pneumonia - Los Angeles. CDC. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. ^ MMWR Weekly, June 11, 1982 ^ MMWR Weekly, May 21, 1982 ^ MMWR Weekly, June 18, 1982 ^ Clue Found on Homosexuals' Precancer Syndrome - The New York Times, June 18, 1982 ^ MMWR Weekly, July 16, 1982 ^ MMWR Weekly, July 09, 1982 ^ Marx et al., 1982 ^ Direction Générale De La Santé, 1982 ^ AIDS virus invaded U.S. from Haiti: study ^ Barre-Sinoussi et al., 1983 ^ Connor and Kingman, 1988 ISBN 0-14-011397-5 ^ Barré-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M. T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Dauguet, C., Axler-Blin, C., Vezinet-Brun, F., Rouzioux, C., Rozenbaum, W. and Montagnier, L. 1983. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS. Science 220 4599: 868-871. doi:10.1126/science.6189183. PMID 6189183. ^ Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M. G., Read, E. and Gallo, R. C. 1984. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses HTLV-III from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 224 4648: 497-500. doi:10.1126/science.6200935. PMID 6200935. ^ Popovic et al., 1984 ^ Marx, 1985 ^ Chang et al., 1993 ^ Coffin et al., 1986 v d e HIV/AIDS topics HIV HIV · AIDS · HIV structure and genome · HIV test · CDC Classification System for HIV Infection · HIV disease progression rates · HIV vaccine · WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease · AIDS dementia complex · Antiretroviral drug · Tuberculosis coinfection History AIDS origin · AIDS pandemic · AIDS Museum · AIDS timeline Culture International AIDS Conference · International AIDS Society · World AIDS Day · Treatment Action Campaign · Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNAIDS · President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PEPFAR · NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt · HIV and AIDS misconceptions · List of HIV-positive people · People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement · HIV-positive fictional characters · AIDS advocacy Denialism Duesberg hypothesis · Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa South Africa · Uganda North America United States Asia China PRC · India · Japan · Myanmar Burma · Pakistan · Taiwan ROC Caribbean Eastern Europe Central Asia Russia Western Europe Latin America Brazil List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/AIDS_origin Categories: AIDS origin hypothesesHidden categories: articles needing clarification | Articles to be expanded since May 2008 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Français This page was last modified on 11 September 2008, at 20:5
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.