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14-September-2008 12:50:19 - Abhidhamma Pitaka The Abhidhamma Pitaka abhidhammapiá¹aka is the last of the three pitakas, that is, baskets, constituting the Pali Canon, the scriptures of TheravÄ?da Buddhism. The Abhidhamma pitaka is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. It does not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists1. Thus, it contains mainly long, dry, formal, abstract and systematic lists. The PÄ?li scholar Caroline Rhys Davids famously described the ten chapters of the Yamaka as ten valleys of dry bones2. Contents 1 Nature of abhidhamma 2 Origins 3 Contents 3.1 Dhammasangani 3.2 Vibhanga 3.3 Dhatukatha 3.4 Puggalapannatti 3.5 Kathavatthu 3.6 Yamaka 3.7 Patthana 4 Place in the tradition 5 Translations 6 See also 7 References Nature of abhidhamma Abhidhamma has been variously described as philosophy, psychology, metaphysics etc. According to the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism 2004,3 it started out as elaboration of the suttas, but later developed independent doctrines. L. S. Cousins says that the abhidhamma methodology looks at things in terms of occasions or events instead of sequences or processes.4 Origins The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. September 2008 Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. Unlike the Sutta Pitaka and the Vinaya Pitaka, the seven Abhidhamma works are generally claimed to represent not the words of the Buddha himself but those of disciples and great scholars5. Tradition6 says that the Buddha thought it out immediately after his enlightenment, but only taught it some years later, to the gods. He then repeated it to Sariputta, who handed it on to his disciples. This tradition is also evident in the Parivara, a very late addition to the Vinaya Pitaka7, which mentions in a concluding verse of praise to the Buddha that this best of creatures, the lion, taught the three pitakas.8. The earliest books of the Pali Canon, however, do not mention the texts of the Abhidhamma Pitaka at all, and they are also not mentioned at the report of the First Buddhist Council, directly after the death of the Buddha. Scholars however generally date the Abhidhamma works to around the third century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Dr Rupert Gethin said important elements of abhidhamma methodology probably go back to the Buddha's lifetime.9 A. K. Warder and Dr Peter Harvey both suggest much earlier dates for the matikas on which most of the abidhamma books are based. Contents This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. August 2007 Pali Canon Vinaya Pitaka Sutta- vibhanga Khandhaka Pari- vara Sutta Pitaka Digha Nikaya Majjhima Nikaya Samyutta Nikaya Anguttara Nikaya Khuddaka Nikaya Abhidhamma Pitaka Dhs. Vbh. Dhk. Pug. Kvu. Yamaka Patthana view talk The Abhidhamma Pitaka consists of seven books. Dhammasangani -saá¹…gaṇi or -saá¹…gaṇī Vibhanga vibhaá¹…ga Dhatukatha dhÄ?tukathÄ? Puggalapannatti -paññatti Kathavatthu kathÄ?- Yamaka Patthana paţţhÄ?na Dhammasangani This book begins with a matika mÄ?tikÄ?, literally, matrix, listing classifications of dhammas, variously translated as phenomena, ideas, states, etc. It starts with 22 threefold classifications, beginning with good/bad/unclassified, and follows this with 100 twofold ones according to the abhidhamma method. Many of these classifications are not exhaustive, and some are not even exclusive. The matika ends with 42 twofold classifications according to the sutta method, which are used only in this book, whereas the other 122 are used also in some of the other books. The main body of the book is in four parts. The first of these goes through numerous states of mind, listing and defining, by lists of synonyms, factors present in them. The second deals with material form, beginning with its own matika, classifying by ones, twos and so on, explained after. The third explains the book's matika in terms of the first two parts, as does the fourth, by a different method, and omitting the sutta method. Vibhanga This book is in 18 chapters, each dealing with a different topic; for example the first deals with the five aggregates. A typical chapter there are a number of divergences from this pattern is in three parts. The first explains the topic according to the sutta method, often word-for-word the same as in actual suttas. The second is abhidhamma explanation, mainly by lists of synonyms as in the Dhammasangani. The third uses questions and answers, based on the matika: How many aggregates are good etc? Dhatukatha This book covers both the matika and various topics, mostly from the Vibhanga, relating them to the 5 aggregates, 12 bases and 18 elements. The first chapter is fairly simple: In how many aggregates etc. are good dhammas etc. included? The book progressively works up to more complicated questions: From how many aggregates etc. are the dhammas dissociated from attention etc. dissociated? Puggalapannatti This book starts with its own matika, which begins with some standard lists but then continues with lists of persons grouped numerically from ones to tens. This latter portion of the matika is then explained in the main body of the work. Most of the lists of persons and many of the explanations are also found in the Anguttara Nikaya. Kathavatthu This book consists of more than two hundred debates on questions of doctrine. It does not identify the participants. The commentary says the debates are between the Theravada and other schools, which it identifies in each case. These identifications are mostly consistent with what is known from other sources about the doctrines of different schools.10 Yamaka This book consists of ten chapters, each dealing with a different topic; for example, the first deals with roots. A typical chapter there are a number of divergences from this pattern is in three parts. The first part deals with questions of identity: Is good root root? But is root good root? The entire Yamaka consists of such pairs of converse questions, with their answers. Hence its name, which means pairs. The second part deals with arising: For someone for whom the form aggregate arises, does the feeling aggregate arise? The third part deals with understanding: Does someone who understands the eye base understand the ear base? Patthana This book deals with 24 conditions in relation to the matika: Good dhamma is related to good dhamma by root condition, with details and numbers of answers. Place in the tradition The importance of the Abhidhamma Pitaka in classical Sinhalese Buddhism is suggested by the fact that it came to be furnished, not only, like much of the canon, with a commentary and a subcommentary on that commentary, but even with a subsubcommentary on that subcommentary.11 In more recent centuries, however, Burma has become the main centre of abhidhamma studies. Translations The first five books and part of the seventh have been translated by the Pali Text Society1. For these and other translations see separate articles. See also Vinaya Pitaka Sutta Pitaka References ^ Abhidhamma Pitaka. Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. ^ Rhys Davids 1914. ^ pages 1, 4 ^ Pali oral literature, in Buddhist Studies, ed Denwood and Piatigorski, Curzon, London, 1982/3 ^ Abhidhamma Pitaka. Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. ^ Malalasekera, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, India Office, 1938, reprinted Pali Text Society, Bristol, volume I, page 138 ^ This work the Parivara is in fact a very much later composition, and probably the work of a Ceylonese Thera. from: Book of the Discipline, volume VI, page ix translators' introduction ^ Book of the Discipline, volume VI, page 123 ^ Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, 1998, page 48 ^ Bareau, Les Sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule, Ecole Française d'Extrême Orient, Saigon, 1955 ^ Hinüber, Handbook of Pali Literature, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1996 v d e Buddhism topics History Timeline · Gautama Buddha · Buddhist councils · History of Buddhism in India · Decline of Buddhism in India · Ashoka the Great · Greco-Buddhism · Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Foundations Three Jewels Buddha, Dharma, Sangha · Four Noble Truths · Noble Eightfold Path · Nirvana · Middle Way Key Concepts Three Marks of Existence: Impermanence, Suffering, Not-self · Dependent Origination · Five Aggregates · Karma · Vipaka · Rebirth · Samsara · Defilements · Five Hindrances · Ten Fetters · Enlightenment Qualities · Perfections · JhÄ?na · Sense Bases · Four Great Elements · Renunciation · Bodhi · Parinirvana · Two truths doctrine · Emptiness · Bodhicitta · Bodhisattva · Buddha-nature · Bhumi · Trikaya Cosmology Ten spiritual realms · Six Realms Hell, Animal realm, Hungry Ghost realm, Asura realm, Human realm, Heaven · Three Spheres Practices Threefold Training: Morality, Concentration, Wisdom · Buddhist devotion · Taking refuge · Four Divine Abidings: Loving-kindness, Compassion, Sympathetic joy, Equanimity · Mindfulness · Merit · Puja: Offerings, Prostration, Chanting · Paritta · Generosity · Morality: Five Precepts, Eight Precepts, Ten Precepts, Bodhisattva vows, Patimokkha · Bhavana · Mation: Kammaá¹á¹hÄ?na, Recollection, Mindfulness of Breathing, Serenity mation, Insight mation, Shikantaza, Zazen, KÅ?an, Mandala, Tonglen, Tantra Attainment Types of Buddha · Bodhisattva · Four stages of enlightenment: Stream-enterer, Once-returner, Non-returner, Arahant Monasticism Monk · Nun · Novice monk · Novice nun · Anagarika · Ajahn · Sayadaw · Zen master · Roshi · Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Tulku · Householder · Lay follower · Disciple · Ngagpa Texts Tipitaka Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka, Commentaries · Mahayana sutras · Chinese Buddhist canon Tripitaka Koreana · Tibetan Buddhist canon Major Figures Gautama Buddha · SÄ?riputta · MahamoggallÄ?na · Ananda · Maha Kassapa · Buddhaghosa · Nagasena · Bodhidharma · Nagarjuna · Asanga · Padmasambhava · Dalai Lama Branches Theravada · Mahayana: Chan/Zen, Pure Land, Tendai, Nichiren, Madhyamaka, Yogacara · Vajrayana: Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon · Early Buddhist schools · Pre-sectarian Buddhism · Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana Countries Bhutan · Burma · Cambodia · China · India · Indonesia · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam · Western countries Comparative Buddhism Science · Psychology · Hinduism · Jainism · East Asian religions · Christianity · Theosophy · Gnosticism Lists Buddhists · Buddhas · Twenty-eight Buddhas · Bodhisattvas · Temples · Books · Buddhism-related topics · Terms and concepts Miscellaneous topics TathÄ?gata · Maitreya · AvalokiteÅ›vara Guan Yin · AmitÄ?bha · BrahmÄ? 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