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14-September-2008 12:50:19 - Abhidharma Translations of abhidhamma Pali: abhidhamma Sanskrit: abhidharma Sinhala: අභිධර්ම abhidharma Burmese: အဘá€á€“မ္မာ É™bá¸dà ̃maÌ° a bi. da ma. Chinese: 阿毗é?”磨T / 阿毗达磨S pinyin: Ä?pÃdámó Japanese: 阿毘é?”磨 Vietnamese: A-tì-đạt-ma Tibetan: chos mngon pa Buddhism Glossary view talk Part of a series on Buddhism Portal of Buddhism History Timeline - Buddhist councils Major Figures Gautama Buddha Disciples · Later Buddhists Concepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Karma - Nirvana Three marks of existence Skandha · Cosmology Samsara · Rebirth · Dharma Dependent Origination Practices and Attainment Buddhahood · Bodhisattva Four Stages of Enlightenment PÄ?ramitÄ?s · Mation · Laity Precepts · Three Jewels Countries and Regions Bhutan · Cambodia · China India · Indonesia · Japan Korea · Laos · Malaysia Mongolia · Burma · Nepal Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam Western countries Schools TheravÄ?da · MahÄ?yÄ?na VajrayÄ?na Early and Pre-sectarian Texts Pali Canon · Tibetan Canon Chinese Canon Related topics Comparative Studies Cultural elements This box: view talk Abhidharma Sanskrit or Abhidhamma PÄ?li are ancient 3rd century BC and later Buddhist works which contain detailed scholastic reworkings of doctrinal material appearing in the Buddhist Sutras, according to schematic classifications. The Abhidhamma works do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists1. They are composed of long, dry, formal, abstract and systematic lists. The PÄ?li scholar Caroline Rhys Davids famously described the ten chapters of the Pali Abhidhamma book of the Yamaka as ten valleys of dry bones2. According to the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Abhidhamma started as an elaboration of the teachings of the suttas, but later developed independent doctrines. According to L. S. Cousins, the suttas deal with sequences and processes, Abhidhamma deals with occasions and events.3 The literal translation of the term Abhidharma is unclear. Two possibilities are most commonly given: abhi - higher or special + dharma- teaching, philosophy, thus making Abhidharma the 'higher teachings' abhi - about + dharma of the teaching, translating it instead as 'about the teaching' or even 'meta-teaching'. In the West, the Abhidhamma has generally been considered the core of what is referred to as 'Buddhist Psychology'.4 Contents 1 Origins 1.1 According to scholars 1.2 According to the commentaries 1.3 Variety of Abhidhammic teachings and books 2 Theravada Abhidhamma 3 Sarvastivada Abhidharma 4 East Asian and Tibetan Abhidharma 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Origins According to scholars Many scholars generally believe that the Abhidharma emerged after the time of the Buddha. Factors contributing to its development could have been the growth of monastic centers, the growing support for the Buddhist sangha, outside influences from other religious groups, and a tendency for monks to become more theoretical and less practical after the passing away of the Buddha. Some scholars believe that the Abhidhamma represents an expansion of a set of teachings and categorisations that were employed during the earliest period of Buddhism and were then later developed and elaborated upon. According to the commentaries In the commentaries of Theravada Buddhism it was held that the Abhidhamma was not a later addition to the tradition, but rather represented the first, original understanding of the teachings by the Buddha. According to legend, shortly after his awakening the Buddha spent several days in mation, during which he formulated the Abhidhamma. Later, he traveled to the heavenly realm and taught the Abhidhamma to the divine beings that dwelled there, including his deceased mother MahÄ?mÄ?yÄ?, who had rearisen as a celestial being. The tradition holds that the Buddha gave daily summaries of the teachings given in the heavenly realm to the monk ÅšÄ?riputra, who passed them on.5 The Abhidhamma is thus presented as a pure and undiluted form of the teaching that was too difficult for most practitioners of the Buddha's time to grasp. Instead, the Buddha taught by the method related in the various suttas, giving appropriate, immediately applicable teachings as each situation arose, rather than attempting to set forth the Abhidhamma in all its complexity and completeness. Thus, there is a similarity between the traditions of the Adhidhamma and that of the Mahayana, which also claimed to be too difficult for the people living in the Buddha's time. Variety of Abhidhammic teachings and books Numerous apparently independent Abhidharma traditions arose in India, roughly during the period from the 2nd or 3rd Century BCE to the 5th Century CE. The 7th Century Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang reportedly collected Abhidharma texts from seven different traditions. The various Abhidhammic traditions have very fundamental disagreements with each other. These various Abhidhammic theories were together with differences in Vinaya the major cause for the majority of splits in the monastic Sangha, which resulted in the fragmented early Buddhist landscape of the 18 Early Buddhist Schools. In the modern era, only the Abhidharmas of the Sarvastivadins and the Theravadins have survived intact, each consisting of seven books, with the addition of the Sariputra Abhidharma. The TheravÄ?da Abhidharma, the Abhidhamma Pitaka discussed below, is preserved in PÄ?li, while the Sarvastivadin Abhidharma is mostly preserved only in Chinese - the likely Sanskrit original texts having been lost, though some Tibetan texts are still extant. A small number of other Abhidharma texts of unknown origin are preserved in translation in the Chinese canon. These different traditions have some similarities, suggesting either interaction between groups or some common ground antedating the separation of the schools.6 Theravada Abhidhamma The Abhidhamma Pitaka is the third pitaka, or basket, of the Tipitaka Sanskrit: Tripiá¹aka, the canon of the Theravada school of Buddhism. It consists of seven sections or books: Dhammasangani 'Enumeration of Factors' - Attempts to describe the fundamental phenomena dhamma which are supposed to constitute human experience. Vibhanga 'Analysis' - An analysis of various topics by a variety of methods, including catechism, using material from the Dhammasangani. Dhatukatha 'Discussion of Elements' - Some interrelations between various items from the first two books, formulated as sets of questions and answers. Puggalapannatti 'Descriptions of Individuals' - An enumeration of the qualities of certain different 'personality types'. These types were believed to be useful in formulating teachings that an individual would respond to positively. Kathavatthu 'Points of Controversy' - A collection of debates on points of doctrine, traditionally said to have been compiled by Moggaliputta Tissa at the Buddhist Council sponsored by King Ashoka, which took place in the 3rd Century BCE. Yamaka 'The Pairs' - Deals with various questions relating to interrelations within various lists of items; here the items belong to the same list, whereas in the DhÄ?tukathÄ? they are in different lists. Patthana 'Foundational Conditions' or 'Relations' - The laws of interaction by which the dhammas described in the Dhammasangani operate. The Theravada Abhidhamma, like the rest of the Tipitaka, was orally transmitted until the last century BC. Due to famines and constant wars, the monks responsible for recording the oral tradition felt that there was a risk of portions of the canon being lost. With the rest of the Canon the Abhidharma pitaka was written down for the first time. These have all been published in romanized Pali by the Pali Text Society, and most have been translated into English as well. Some scholars date the seven Pali Abhidhamma books from about 400 BCE to about 250 BCE, the first book being the oldest and the fifth book the latest of the seven. Additional post-canonical texts composed in the following centuries attempted to further clarify the analysis presented in the Abhidhamma texts. The best known of such texts are the Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosa and the Abhidhammatthasangaha of Anuruddha. Early Western translators of the PÄ?li canon found the Abhidhamma Pitaka the least interesting of the three sections of the Tipiá¹aka. Caroline Rhys Davids, a PÄ?li scholar and the wife of Pali Text Society founder T. W. Rhys Davids, famously described the ten chapters of the Yamaka as ten valleys of dry bones.7 As a result this Abhidhammic aspect of Buddhism was little studied in the West until the latter half of the 20th Century. Interest in the Abhidhamma has grown in the West as better scholarship on Buddhist philosophy has gradually revealed more information about its origins and significance. Within the Theravada tradition, the prominence of the Abhidhamma has varied considerably from country to country, with Burma Myanmar placing the most emphasis on the study of the Abhidhamma. Sarvastivada Abhidharma The Sarvastivada Abhidharma also consists of seven texts. However, comparison of the content of the Sarvastivada texts with that of the Theravada Abhidhamma reveals that it is unlikely that this indicates that one textual tradition originated from the other. In particular, the Theravada Abhidharma contains two texts the Katha Vatthu and Puggala Pannatti that some consider entirely out of place in an Abhidharma collection. The texts of the SarvÄ?stivÄ?din Abhidharma are: Sangitiparyaya 'Discourses on Gathering Together' Dharmaskandha 'Aggregation of Dharmas' Prajnaptisastra 'Treatise on Designations' Dhatukaya 'Body of Elements' Vijnanakaya 'Body of Consciousness' Prakaranapada 'Exposition' Jnanaprasthana 'Foundation of Knowledge' Following these, are the texts that became the authority of the Vaibhasikas, the Kasmiri Sarvastivada Orthodoxy: Mahavibhasa Great Commentary, on the Jnanaprasthana Little research in English has been made in these texts. East Asian and Tibetan Abhidharma In the traditions derived from Sanskrit Buddhism, such as the Tibetan, Chinese and Japanese, the two main Abhidharma texts are Asanga's Abhidharma Samuccaya Compendium of Higher Knowledge - which is an early Yogacara work, and Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakosha Treasury of Higher Knowledge - which is a synopsis on the Mahavibhasa of the Sarvastivada tradition, with the addition of various Sautrantika and Vaibhajyavada perspectives.8 These are both works from approximately 4 - 5 th century India, and are extant in Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan translations, as well as the Sanskrit. The Abhidharmakosha is considered Vaibhasika / Sautrantika. The Abhidharma Samuccaya is Mahayana Yogacara. See also Buddhist texts: Tipitaka Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka Buddhist concepts: Pratitya-samutpada Skandha Notes ^ Abhidhamma Pitaka. Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. ^ Rhys Davids 1914. ^ Pali oral literature, in Buddhist Studies, ed Denwood and Piatigorski, Curzon, London, 1982/3 ^ See, for instance, Rhys Davids 1900, Trungpa 1975 and Goleman 2004. ^ Pine 2004, pg. 12 ^ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 2 ^ Rhys Davids 1914. ^ Goleman 2004, pp. 382-383, n. 12. References Cox, Collett 2004. Abhidhamma, in Robert E. Buswell ed., Encyclopedia of Buddhism. NY: McMillan. ISBN 0-02-865910-4. Goleman, Daniel 2004. Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama. NY: Bantam Dell. ISBN 0-553-38105-9. Red Pine. The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas 2004 Shoemaker 7 Hoard. ISBN 1-59376-009-4 Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F. 1900, 2003. Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, of the Fourth Century B.C., Being a Translation, now made for the First Time, from the Original PÄ?li, of the First Book of the Abhidhamma-Piá¹aka, entitled Dhamma-Sangaṇi Compendium of States or Phenomena. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-4702-9. Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F. 1914. Buddhist Psychology: An Inquiry into the Analysis and Theory of Mind in Pali Literature. Takakusu 1905. On the Abhidhamma books of the Sarvastivadins, in Journal of the Pali Text Society 1905. Trungpa, Chogyam 1975, 2001. Glimpses of Abhidharma: From a Seminar on Buddhist Psychology. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-764-9. External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Abhidhamma. www.abhidhamma.org - Numerous books and articles on Abhidhamma by Sujin Boriharnwanaket and others www.abhidhamma.com - Abhidhamma the Buddhist Philosophy and Psychology BuddhaNet - description of the Abhidhamma BuddhaNet - Abhidhamma articles Access to Insight - description of the Abhidhamma Online excerpt of a well-known book about the Abhidhamma v d e Buddhism topics History Timeline · Gautama Buddha · Buddhist councils · History of Buddhism in India · Decline of Buddhism in India · Ashoka the Great · Greco-Buddhism · Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Foundations Three Jewels Buddha, Dharma, Sangha · Four Noble Truths · Noble Eightfold Path · Nirvana · Middle Way Key Concepts Three Marks of Existence: Impermanence, Suffering, Not-self · Dependent Origination · Five Aggregates · Karma · Vipaka · Rebirth · Samsara · Defilements · Five Hindrances · Ten Fetters · Enlightenment Qualities · Perfections · JhÄ?na · Sense Bases · Four Great Elements · Renunciation · Bodhi · Parinirvana · Two truths doctrine · Emptiness · Bodhicitta · Bodhisattva · Buddha-nature · Bhumi · Trikaya Cosmology Ten spiritual realms · Six Realms Hell, Animal realm, Hungry Ghost realm, Asura realm, Human realm, Heaven · Three Spheres Practices Threefold Training: Morality, Concentration, Wisdom · Buddhist devotion · Taking refuge · Four Divine Abidings: Loving-kindness, Compassion, Sympathetic joy, Equanimity · Mindfulness · Merit · Puja: Offerings, Prostration, Chanting · Paritta · Generosity · Morality: Five Precepts, Eight Precepts, Ten Precepts, Bodhisattva vows, Patimokkha · Bhavana · Mation: Kammaá¹á¹hÄ?na, Recollection, Mindfulness of Breathing, Serenity mation, Insight mation, Shikantaza, Zazen, KÅ?an, Mandala, Tonglen, Tantra Attainment Types of Buddha · Bodhisattva · Four stages of enlightenment: Stream-enterer, Once-returner, Non-returner, Arahant Monasticism Monk · Nun · Novice monk · Novice nun · Anagarika · Ajahn · Sayadaw · Zen master · Roshi · Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Tulku · Householder · Lay follower · Disciple · Ngagpa Texts Tipitaka Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka, Commentaries · Mahayana sutras · Chinese Buddhist canon Tripitaka Koreana · Tibetan Buddhist canon Major Figures Gautama Buddha · SÄ?riputta · MahamoggallÄ?na · Ananda · Maha Kassapa · Buddhaghosa · Nagasena · Bodhidharma · Nagarjuna · Asanga · Padmasambhava · Dalai Lama Branches Theravada · Mahayana: Chan/Zen, Pure Land, Tendai, Nichiren, Madhyamaka, Yogacara · Vajrayana: Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon · Early Buddhist schools · Pre-sectarian Buddhism · Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana Countries Bhutan · Burma · Cambodia · China · India · Indonesia · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam · Western countries Comparative Buddhism Science · Psychology · Hinduism · Jainism · East Asian religions · Christianity · Theosophy · Gnosticism Lists Buddhists · Buddhas · Twenty-eight Buddhas · Bodhisattvas · Temples · Books · Buddhism-related topics · Terms and concepts Miscellaneous topics TathÄ?gata · Maitreya · AvalokiteÅ›vara Guan Yin · AmitÄ?bha · BrahmÄ? · MÄ?ra · Dhammapada · Visuddhimagga · Vinaya · Sutra · Abhidharma · Buddhist philosophy · Eschatology · Reality in Buddhism · God in Buddhism · Liturgical languages: Pali, Sanskrit · Dharma talk · Buddhist calendar · Kalpa · Buddhism and evolution · Buddhism and homosexuality · Fourteen unanswerable questions · Ethics · Culture · Monastic robe · Cuisine · Vegetarianism · Art · Greco-Buddhist art · Buddha statue · Budai · Symbolism Dharmacakra · Flag · Bhavacakra · Mantra Om mani padme hum · Prayer wheel · Mala · Mudra · Holidays · Vesak · Uposatha · Vassa · Architecture: Vihara, Wat, Stupa, Pagoda · Pilgrimage: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar · Bodhi tree · Mahabodhi Temple · Higher Knowledge · Supernormal Powers · Miracles of the Buddha · Physical characteristics of the Buddha · Family of the Buddha Category · Portal Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Abhidharma Categories: Abhidhamma Pitaka | Buddhist philosophical concepts | Sanskrit words and phrases | Pali words and phrases Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 8 September 2008, at 06:09
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