Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 12:50:19 - Aikido Aikido å?ˆæ°—é?“ The four-direction throw shihÅ?nage executed from half-seated position hanmi-handachi. The receiver of the throw uke is taking a forward breakfall mae ukemi to safely reach the ground. Focus Grappling Country of origin Flag of Japan Japan Creator Morihei Ueshiba Parenthood aiki-jÅ«jutsu; judo; jujutsu; kenjutsu; sÅ?jutsu Olympic Sport No Aikido å?ˆæ°—é?“, aikidÅ?? is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs. Aikido is often translated as the Way of unifying with life energy1 or as the Way of harmonious spirit.2 Ueshiba's goal was to create an art that practitioners could use to defend themselves while also protecting their attacker from injury. Aikido is performed by blending with the motion of the attacker and redirecting the force of the attack rather than opposing it head-on. The aikidÅ?ka aikido practitioner leads the attacker's momentum using entering and turning movements. The techniques are completed with various throws or joint locks.3 Aikido can be categorized under the general umbrella of grappling arts. Aikido derives mainly from the martial art of DaitÅ?-ryÅ« Aiki-jÅ«jutsu, but began to diverge from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the ÅŒmoto-kyÅ? religion. Ueshiba's early students' documents bear the term aiki-jÅ«jutsu.4 Many of Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending on when they studied with him. Today aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with broad ranges of interpretation and emphasis. However, they all share techniques learned from Ueshiba and most have concern for the well-being of the attacker. This attitude has been at the core of criticisms of aikido and related arts. Contents 1 Etymology and basic philosophy 2 History 2.1 Initial development 2.2 Religious influences 2.3 International dissemination 2.4 Proliferation of independent organisations 3 Training 3.1 Fitness 3.2 Roles of uke and nage 3.3 Initial attacks 3.4 Basic techniques 3.5 Implementations 3.6 Weapons 3.7 Multiple attackers and randori 3.8 Injuries 3.9 Mental training 4 Criticisms 5 Ki 6 Uniforms and ranking 7 References 8 External links Etymology and basic philosophy The word aikido is formed of three kanji: å?ˆ - ai - joining, harmonizing æ°— - ki - spirit, life energy é?“ - dÅ? - way, path The term dÅ? connects the practice of aikido with the philosophical concept of Tao, which can be found in martial arts such as judo and kendo, and in more peaceful arts such as Japanese calligraphy shodÅ?, flower arranging kadÅ? and tea ceremony chadÅ? or sadÅ?. The term aiki refers to the martial arts principle or tactic of blending with an attacker's movements for the purpose of controlling their actions with minimal effort.5 One applies aiki by understanding the rhythm and intent of the attacker to find the optimal position and timing to apply a counter-technique. Historically, aiki was mastered for the purpose of killing; however in aikido one seeks to control an aggressor without causing harm.2 The founder of aikido declared: To control aggression without inflicting injury is the Art of Peace.6 A number of aikido practitioners interpret aikido metaphorically, seeing parallels between aikido techniques and other methods for conflict resolution.7891011 These kanji are identical to the Korean versions of the characters that form the word hapkido, a Korean martial art. Although there are no known direct connections between the two arts, it is suspected that the founders of both arts trained in DaitÅ?-ryÅ« Aiki-jÅ«jutsu. History Morihei Ueshiba, founder of aikido. Morihei Ueshiba, founder of aikido. Aikido was created by Morihei Ueshiba æ¤?èŠ? 盛平 Ueshiba Morihei, 14 December 1883-26 April 1969, referred to by some aikido practitioners as ÅŒsensei Great Teacher.12 Ueshiba envisioned aikido not only as the synthesis of his martial training, but also an expression of his personal philosophy of universal peace and reconciliation. During Ueshiba's lifetime and continuing today, aikido has evolved from the koryÅ« old-style martial arts that Ueshiba studied into a wide variety of expressions by martial artists throughout the world.3 Initial development Takeda Sokaku Takeda Sokaku Ueshiba developed aikido primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s through the synthesis of the older martial arts that he had studied.13 The core martial art from which aikido derives is DaitÅ?-ryÅ« aiki-jÅ«jutsu, which Ueshiba studied directly with Takeda Sokaku, the revivor of that art. Additionally, Ueshiba is known to have studied Tenjin Shin'yÅ?-ryÅ« with Tozawa TokusaburÅ? in Tokyo in 1901, GotÅ?ha YagyÅ« Shingan-ryÅ« under Nakai Masakatsu in Sakai from 1903 to 1908, and judo with Kiyoichi Takagi 高木 喜代å? Takagi Kiyoichi, 1894-1972 in Tanabe in 1911.14 The art of DaitÅ?-ryÅ« is the primary technical influence on aikido. Along with empty-handed throwing and joint-locking techniques, Ueshiba incorporated training movements with weapons, such as those for the spear yari, short staff jÅ?, and perhaps the bayonet 銃剣, jÅ«ken?. However, aikido derives much of its technical structure from the art of swordsmanship kenjutsu.2 Ueshiba moved to HokkaidÅ? in 1912, and began studying under Takeda Sokaku in 1915. His official association with DaitÅ?-ryÅ« continued until 1937.13 However, during the latter part of that period, Ueshiba had already begun to distance himself from Takeda and the DaitÅ?-ryÅ«. At that time Ueshiba was referring to his martial art as Aiki BudÅ?. It is unclear exactly when Ueshiba began using the name aikido, but it became the official name of the art in 1942 when the Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was engaged in a government sponsored reorganization and centralization of Japanese martial arts.3 Religious influences Onisaburo Deguchi Onisaburo Deguchi After Ueshiba left HokkaidÅ? in 1919, he met and was profoundly influenced by Onisaburo Deguchi, the spiritual leader of the ÅŒmoto-kyÅ? religion a neo-Shinto movement in Ayabe.15 One of the primary features of ÅŒmoto-kyÅ? is its emphasis on the attainment of utopia during one's life. This was a great influence on Ueshiba's martial arts philosophy of extending love and compassion especially to those who seek to harm others. Aikido demonstrates this philosophy in its emphasis on mastering martial arts so that one may receive an attack and harmlessly redirect it. In an ideal resolution not only is the receiver unharmed but so is the attacker.16 In addition to the effect on his spiritual growth, the connection with Deguchi gave Ueshiba entry to elite political and military circles as a martial artist. As a result of this exposure, he was able to attract not only financial backing but also gifted students. Several of these students would found their own styles of aikido.17 International dissemination Aikido was first brought to the West in 1951 by Minoru Mochizuki with a visit to France where he introduced aikido techniques to judo students.18 He was followed by Tadashi Abe in 1952 who came as the official Aikikai Hombu representative, remaining in France for seven years. Kenji Tomiki toured with a delegation of various martial arts through fifteen continental states of the United States in 1953.17 Later in that year, Koichi Tohei was sent by Aikikai Hombu to Hawaii, for a full year, where he set up several dojo. This was followed up by several further visits and is considered the formal introduction of aikido to the United States. The United Kingdom followed in 1955; Italy in 1964; Germany and Australia in 1965. Designated Official Delegate for Europe and Africa by Morihei Ueshiba, Masamichi Noro arrived in France in September 1961. Today there are aikido dojo available throughout the world. Proliferation of independent organisations Further information: Aikido styles See also: List of aikidÅ?ka The biggest aikido organisation is the Aikikai Foundation which remains under the control of the Ueshiba family. However, aikido has many styles, mostly formed by Morihei Ueshiba's major students.17 The earliest independent styles to emerge were Yoseikan Aikido, begun by Minoru Mochizuki in 1931,18 Yoshinkan Aikido founded by Gozo Shioda in 1955,19 and Shodokan Aikido, founded by Kenji Tomiki in 1967.20 The emergence of these styles pre-dated Ueshiba's death and did not cause any major upheavals when they were formalized. Shodokan Aikido, however, was controversial, since it introduced a unique rule-based competition that some felt was contrary to the spirit of aikido.17 After Ueshiba's death in 1969, two more major styles emerged. Significant controversy arose with the departure of the Aikikai Hombu Dojo's chief instructor Koichi Tohei, in 1974. Tohei left as a result of a disagreement with the son of the founder, Kisshomaru Ueshiba , who at that time headed the Aikikai Foundation. The disagreement was over the proper role of ki development in regular aikido training. After Tohei left, he formed his own style, called Shin Shin Toitsu Aikido, and the organization which governs it, the Ki Society.21 A final major style evolved from Ueshiba's retirement in Iwama, Ibaraki, and the teaching methodology of long term student Morihiro Saito. It is unofficially referred to as the Iwama style, and at one point a number of its followers formed a loose network of schools they called Iwama Ryu. Although Iwama style practitioners remained part of the Aikikai until Saito's death in 2002, followers of Saito subsequently split into two groups; one remaining with the Aikikai and the other forming the independent organization the Shinshin Aikishuren Kai, in 2004 around Saito's son Hitohiro Saito. Today, the major styles of aikido are each run by a separate governing organization, have their own headquarters 本部é?“å ´, honbu dÅ?jÅ?? in Japan, and have an international breadth.17 Training In aikido, as in virtually all Japanese martial arts, there are both physical and mental aspects of training. The physical training in aikido is diverse, covering both general physical fitness and conditioning, as well as specific techniques.22 Because a substantial portion of any aikido curriculum consists of throws, the first thing most students learn is how to safely fall or roll.22 The specific techniques for attack include both strikes and grabs; the techniques for defense consist of throws and pins. After basic techniques are learned, students study freestyle defense against multiple opponents, and in certain styles, techniques with weapons. Fitness Physical training goals pursued in conjunction with aikido include controlled relaxation, flexibility, and endurance, with less emphasis on strength training. In aikido pushing or extending movements are much more common than pulling or contracting movements. This distinction can be applied to general fitness goals for the aikido practitioner.2 Certain anaerobic fitness activities, such as weight training, emphasize contracting movements. In aikido specific muscles or muscle groups are not isolated and worked to improve tone, mass, and power. Aikido related training emphasizes the use of coordinated whole body movement and balance similar to yoga or pilates. For example many dojo begin each class with warm-up exercises 準備体æ“?, junbi taisÅ??, which may include stretching and break falls.23 Roles of uke and nage Aikido training is based primarily on two partners practicing pre-arranged forms kata rather than freestyle practice. The basic pattern is for the receiver of the technique uke to initiate an attack against the thrower 投ã?’ nage, also referred to as å?–ã‚Š tori, or 仕手 shite, depending on aikido style, who neutralises this attack with an aikido technique.24 Both halves of the technique, that of uke and that of nage, are considered essential to aikido training.24 Both are studying aikido principles of blending and adaptation. Nage learns to blend with and control attacking energy, while uke learns to become calm and flexible in the disadvantageous, off-balance positions in which nage places them. This receiving of the technique is called ukemi.24 Uke continuously seeks to regain balance and cover vulnerabilities e.g., an exposed side, while nage uses position and timing to keep uke off-balance and vulnerable. In more advanced training, uke will sometimes apply reversal techniques è¿”ã?—技, kaeshi-waza? to regain balance and pin or throw nage. Ukemi å?—身, Ukemi? refers to the act of receiving a technique. Good ukemi involves a parry or breakfall that is used to avoid pain or injury, such as joint dislocations or atemi.24 Initial attacks Aikido techniques are usually a defense against an attack; therefore, to practice aikido with their partner, students must learn to deliver various types of attacks. Although attacks are not studied as thoroughly as in striking-based arts, honest attacks a strong strike or an immobilizing grab are needed to study correct and effective application of technique.2 Many of the strikes 打ã?¡, uchi? of aikido are often said to resemble cuts from a sword or other grasped object, which may suggest origins in techniques intended for armed combat.2 Other techniques, which appear to explicitly be punches tsuki, are also practiced as thrusts with a knife or sword. Kicks are generally reserved for upper-level variations; reasons cited include that falls from kicks are especially dangerous, and that kicks high kicks in particular were uncommon during the types of combat prevalent in feudal Japan. Some basic strikes include: Front-of-the-head strike æ£é?¢æ‰“ã?¡, shÅ?men'uchi? a vertical knifehand strike to the head. Side-of-the-head strike 横é?¢æ‰“ã?¡, yokomen'uchi? a diagonal knifehand strike to the side of the head or neck. Chest thrust 胸çª?ã??, mune-tsuki? a punch to the torso. Specific targets include the chest, abdomen, and solar plexus. Same as middle-level thrust ä¸æ®µçª?ã??, chÅ«dan-tsuki?, and direct thrust ç›´çª?ã??, choku-tsuki?. Face thrust é¡”é?¢çª?ã??, ganmen-tsuki? a punch to the face. Same as upper-level thrust 上段çª?ã??, jÅ?dan-tsuki?. Beginners in particular often practice techniques from grabs, both because they are safer and because it is easier to feel the energy and lines of force of a hold than a strike. Some grabs are historically derived from being held while trying to draw a weapon; a technique could then be used to free oneself and immobilize or strike the attacker who is grabbing the defender.2 The following are examples of some basic grabs: Single-hand grab 片手å?–ã‚Š, katate-dori? one hand grabs one wrist. Both-hands grab 諸手å?–ã‚Š, morote-dori? both hands grab one wrist. Both-hands grab 両手å?–ã‚Š, ryÅ?te-dori? both hands grab both wrists. Same as double single-handed grab 両片手å?–ã‚Š, ryÅ?katate-dori?. Shoulder grab è‚©å?–ã‚Š, kata-dori? a shoulder grab. Both-shoulders-grab is ryÅ?kata-dori 両肩å?–ã‚Š, ryÅ?kata-dori? Chest grab 胸å?–ã‚Š, mune-dori? grabbing the clothing of the chest. Same as collar grab 襟å?–ã‚Š, eri-dori?. Basic techniques Diagram of ikkyÅ?, or first technique. YonkyÅ? has a similar mechanism of action, although the upper hand grips the forearm rather than the elbow. Diagram of ikkyÅ?, or first technique. YonkyÅ? has a similar mechanism of action, although the upper hand grips the forearm rather than the elbow. The following are a sample of the basic or widely practiced throws and pins. The precise terminology for some may vary between organisations and styles, so what follows are the terms used by the Aikikai Foundation. Note that despite the names of the first five techniques listed, they are not universally taught in numeric order.25 First technique 一教, ikkyÅ?? a control using one hand on the elbow and one hand near the wrist which leverages uke to the ground.26 This grip also applies pressure into the ulnar nerve at the wrist. Second technique 二教, nikyÅ?? a pronating wristlock that torques the arm and applies painful nerve pressure. There is an adductive wristlock or Z-lock in ura version. Third technique 三教, sankyÅ?? a rotational wristlock that directs upward-spiraling tension throughout the arm, elbow and shoulder. Fourth technique 四教, yonkyÅ?? a shoulder control similar to ikkyÅ?, but with both hands gripping the forearm. The knuckles from the palm side are applied to the recipient's radial nerve against the periosteum of the forearm bone.27 Fifth technique 五教, gokyÅ?? visually similar to ikkyÅ?, but with an inverted grip of the wrist, medial rotation of the arm and shoulder, and downward pressure on the elbow. Common in knife and other weapon take-aways. Four-direction throw 四方投ã?’, shihÅ?nage? The hand is folded back past the shoulder, locking the shoulder joint. Forearm return å°?手返ã?—, kotegaeshi? a supinating wristlock-throw that stretches the extensor digitorum. Breath throw 呼å?¸æŠ•ã?’, kokyÅ«nage? a loosely used term for various types of mechanically unrelated techniques.28 Entering throw 入身投ã?’, iriminage? throws in which nage moves through the space occupied by uke. The classic form superficially resembles a clothesline technique. Heaven-and-earth throw 天地投ã?’, tenchinage? beginning with ryÅ?te-dori; moving forward, nage sweeps one hand low earth and the other high heaven, which unbalances uke so that he or she easily topples over. Hip throw 腰投ã?’, koshinage? aikido's version of the hip throw. Nage drops his or her hips lower than those of uke, then flips uke over the resultant fulcrum. Figure-ten throw å??å—投ã?’, jÅ«jinage? or figure-ten entanglement å??å—絡ã?¿, jÅ«jigarami? a throw that locks the arms against each other The kanji for 10 is a cross-shape: å??.29 Rotary throw 回転投ã?’, kaitennage? nage sweeps the arm back until it locks the shoulder joint, then uses forward pressure to throw.30 Implementations Diagram showing two versions of the ikkyÅ? technique: one moving forward the omote version and one moving backward the ura version. See text for more details. Diagram showing two versions of the ikkyÅ? technique: one moving forward the omote version and one moving backward the ura version. See text for more details. Aikido makes use of body movement tai sabaki to blend with uke. For example, an entering irimi technique consists of movements inward towards uke, while a turning 転æ?›, tenkan? technique uses a pivoting motion.31 Additionally, an inside 内, uchi? technique takes place in front of uke, whereas an outside 外, soto? technique takes place to his side; a front 表, omote? technique is applied with motion to the front of uke, and a rear è£?, ura? version is applied with motion towards the rear of uke, usually by incorporating a turning or pivoting motion. Finally, most techniques can be performed while in a seated posture seiza. Seated techniques are called suwari-waza.32 Thus, from fewer than twenty basic techniques, there are thousands of possible implementations. For instance, ikkyÅ? can be applied to an opponent moving forward with a strike perhaps with an ura type of movement to redirect the incoming force, or to an opponent who has already struck and is now moving back to reestablish distance perhaps an omote-waza version. Specific aikido kata are typically referred to with the formula attack-technique-modifier.33 For instance, katate-dori ikkyÅ? refers to any ikkyÅ? technique executed when uke is holding one wrist. This could be further specified as katate-dori ikkyÅ? omote, referring to any forward-moving ikkyÅ? technique from that grab. Atemi 当ã?¦èº« are strikes or feints employed during an aikido technique. Some view atemi as attacks against vital points meant to cause damage in and of themselves. For instance, GÅ?zÅ? Shioda described using atemi in a brawl to quickly down a gang's leader.34 Others consider atemi, especially to the face, to be methods of distraction meant to enable other techniques. A strike, whether or not it is blocked, can startle the target and break his or her concentration. The target may also become unbalanced in attempting to avoid the blow, for example by jerking the head back, which may allow for an easier throw.32 Many sayings about atemi are attributed to Morihei Ueshiba, who considered them an essential element of technique.35 Weapons Disarming an attacker using a sword taking 太刀å?–ã‚Š, tachi-dori? technique. Disarming an attacker using a sword taking 太刀å?–ã‚Š, tachi-dori? technique. Weapons training in aikido traditionally includes the short staff jÅ?, wooden sword bokken, and knife tantÅ?.36 Today, some schools also incorporate firearms-disarming techniques. Both weapon-taking and weapon-retention are sometimes taught, to integrate armed and unarmed aspects, although some schools of aikido do not train with weapons at all. Others, such as the Iwama style of Morihiro Saito, usually spend substantial time with bokken and jÅ?, practised under the names aiki-ken, and aiki-jÅ?, respectively. The founder developed much of empty handed aikido from traditional sword and spear movements, so the practice of these movements is generally for the purpose of giving insight into the origin of techniques and movements, as well as vital practice of these basic building blocks.37 Multiple attackers and randori Technique performed against two attackers. Technique performed against two attackers. One feature of aikido is training to defend against multiple attackers, often called taninzudori, or taninzugake. Freestyle randori, or jiyÅ«waza practice with multiple attackers is a key part of most curricula and is required for the higher level ranks.38 Randori exercises a person's ability to intuitively perform techniques in an unstructured environment.38 Strategic choice of techniques, based on how they reposition the student relative to other attackers, is important in randori training. For instance, an ura technique might be used to neutralise the current attacker while turning to face attackers approaching from behind.2 In Shodokan Aikido, randori differs in that it is not performed with multiple persons with defined roles of defender and attacker, but between two people, where both participants attack, defend, and counter at will. In this respect it resembles judo randori.20 Injuries In applying a technique during training, it is the responsibility of nage to prevent injury to uke by employing a speed and force of application that is commensurate with their partner's proficiency in ukemi.24 Injuries especially those to the joints, when they do occur in aikido, are often the result of nage misjudging the ability of uke to receive the throw or pin.3940 A study of injuries in the martial arts showed that while the type of injuries varied considerably from one art to the other, the differences in overall rates of injury were much less pronounced. Soft tissue injuries are one of the most common types of injuries found within aikido although a few deaths from repetitive shihÅ?nage have been reported.394041 Mental training Aikido training is mental as well as physical, emphasizing the ability to relax the mind and body even under the stress of dangerous situations.42 This is necessary to enable the practitioner to perform the bold enter-and-blend movements that underlie aikido techniques, wherein an attack is met with confidence and directness.22 Morihei Ueshiba once remarked that one must be willing to receive 99% of an opponent's attack and stare death in the face in order to execute techniques without hesitation.6 As a martial art concerned not only with fighting proficiency but also with the betterment of daily life, this mental aspect is of key importance to aikido practitioners.43 Criticisms The most common criticism of aikido is that it suffers from a lack of realism in training. The attacks initiated by uke and which nage must defend against have been criticized as being weak, sloppy, and little more than caricatures of an attack.4445 Weak attacks from uke cause a conditioned response from nage, and result in underdevelopment of the strength and conditioning needed for the safe and effective practice of both partners.44 To counteract this, some styles allow students to become less compliant over time but, in keeping with the core philosophies, this is after having demonstrated proficiency in being able to protect themselves and their training partners, Shodokan Aikido addresses the issue by practising in a competitive format.20 Such adaptations are debated between styles, with some maintaining that there is no need to adjust their methods because either the criticisms are unjustified, or that they are not training for self-defence or combat effectiveness, but spiritual, fitness or other reasons.46 Another criticism is that after the end of Ueshiba's seclusion in Iwama from 1942 to the mid 1950s, he increasingly emphasized the spiritual and philosophical aspects of aikido. As a result, strikes to vital points by nage, entering irimi and initiation of techniques by nage, the distinction between omote and ura techniques, and the practice of weapons, were all deemphasized or eliminated from practice. Lack of training in these areas is thought to lead to an overall loss of effectiveness by some aikido practitioners.47 Alternately, there are some who criticize aikido practitioners for not placing enough importance on the spiritual practices emphasized by Ueshiba. The premise of this criticism is that O-Sensei's aikido was not a continuation and extension of the old and has a distinct discontinuity with past martial and philosophical concepts.48 That is, that aikido practitioners who focus on aikido's roots in traditional jujutsu or kenjutsu are diverging from what Ueshiba taught. Such critics urge practitioners to embrace the assertion that Ueshiba's transcendence to the spiritual and universal reality was the fundamentals sic of the paradigm that he demonstrated.48 Ki This was the kanji for ki until 1946, when it was changed to æ°—. This was the kanji for ki until 1946, when it was changed to æ°—. The study of ki is a critical component of aikido, and its study defies categorization as either physical or mental training, as it encompasses both. The original kanji for ki was æ°£ shown right, and is a symbolic representation of a lid covering a pot full of rice; the nourishing vapors contained within are ki.49 The character for ki is used in everyday Japanese terms, such as health 元気, genki?, or shyness 内気, uchiki?. Ki is most often understood as unified physical and mental intention, however in traditional martial arts it is often discussed as life energy. GÅ?zÅ? Shioda's Yoshinkan Aikido, considered one of the hard styles, largely follows Ueshiba's teachings from before World War II, and surmises that the secret to ki lies in timing and the application of the whole body's strength to a single point.34 In later years, Ueshiba's application of ki in aikido took on a softer, more gentle feel. This was his Takemusu Aiki and many of his later students teach about ki from this perspective. Koichi Tohei's Ki Society centers almost exclusively around the study of the empirical albeit subjective experience of ki with students ranked separately in aikido techniques and ki development.50 Uniforms and ranking Aikido practitioners, commonly called aikidÅ?ka, generally progress by promotion through a series of grades kyÅ«, followed by a series of degrees dan, pursuant to formal testing procedures. Most aikido organisations use only white and black belts to distinguish rank, but some use various belt colors. Testing requirements vary, so a particular rank in one organization is not always comparable or interchangeable with the rank of another.2 rank belt color type kyÅ« white mudansha dan black yÅ«dansha The uniform worn for practicing aikido aikidÅ?gi is similar to the training uniform keikogi used in most other modern martial arts; simple trousers and a wraparound jacket, usually white. Both thick judo-style, and thin karate-style cotton tops are used.2 Aikido-specific tops are also available with shorter sleeves which reach to just below the elbow. Most aikido systems also add a pair of wide pleated black or indigo trousers called a hakama. In many styles its use is reserved for practitioners with black belt dan ranks or for instructors, while others allow all practitioners or female practitioners to wear a hakama regardless of rank.2 References ^ Saotome, Mitsugi 1989. The Principles of Aikido. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala, 222. ISBN 978-0877734093. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Westbrook, Adele; Ratti, Oscar 1970. Aikido and the Dynamic Sphere. Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 16-96. ISBN 978-0804800044. ^ a b c Pranin, Stanley 2006. Aikido. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2006. Aikijujutsu. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2007. Aiki. Encyclopedia of Aikido. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. ^ a b Ueshiba, Morihei; trans. by Stevens, John 1992. The Art of Peace. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc.. ISBN 978-0877738510. ^ Ringer, Judy 2006. Unlikely Teachers: Finding the Hidden Gifts in Daily Conflict. OnePoint Press. ISBN 978-0977614905. ^ Crum, Thomas F. 1998. The Magic of Conflict: Turning a Life of Work into a Work of Art, 2nd rev. ed., Touchstone. ISBN 978-0684854489. ^ Dobson T, Miller V 1994. Aikido in Everyday Life: Giving In to Get Your Way, 2nd ed., North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1556431517. ^ Dobson, Terry 1994. It's a Lot Like Dancing: An Aikido Journey. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 978-1883319021. ^ Siegel, Andrea 1993. Women in Aikido. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1556431616. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2007. O-Sensei. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ a b Stevens, John 1984. Aikido: The Way of Harmony. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala, 3-17. ISBN 978-0394714264. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2006. Ueshiba, Morihei. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley Morihei Ueshiba and Onisaburo Deguchi. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Oomoto Foundation 2007. The Teachings. Teachings and Scriptures. Netinformational Commission. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. ^ a b c d e Shishida, Fumiaki. Aikido. Aikido Journal. ^ a b Pranin, Stanley 2006. Mochizuki, Minoru. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2006. Yoshinkan Aikido. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ a b c Shishido, Fumiaki; Nariyama, Tetsuro 2002. Aikido: Tradition and the Competitive Edge. Shodokan Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0964708327. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2006. Tohei, Koichi. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ a b c Homma, Gaku 1990. Aikido for Life. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 20. ISBN 978-1556430787. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2006. Jumbi Taiso. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ a b c d e Homma, Gaku 1990. Aikido for Life. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 20-30. ISBN 978-1556430787. ^ Shifflett, C.M. 1999. Aikido Exercises for Teaching and Training. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1556433146. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2008. Ikkyo. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2008. Yonkyo. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2008. Kokyunage. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2008. Juji Garami. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Pranin, Stanley 2008. Kaitennage. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Amdur, Ellis. Irimi. Aikido Journal. ^ a b Shioda, GÅ?zÅ? 1968. Dynamic Aikido. Kodansha International, 52-55. ISBN 978-0870113017. ^ Taylor, Michael 2004. Aikido Terminology - An Essential Reference Tool In Both English and Japanese. Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1411618466. ^ a b Shioda, GÅ?zÅ?; trans. by Payet, Jacques, and Johnston, Christopher 2000. Aikido Shugyo: Harmony in Confrontation. Shindokan Books. ISBN 978-0968779125. ^ Scott, Nathan 2000. Teachings of Ueshiba Morihei Sensei. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. ^ Dang, Phong 2006. Aikido Weapons Techniques: The Wooden Sword, Stick, and Knife of Aikido. Charles E Tuttle Company. ISBN 978-0804836418. ^ Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele 1973. Secrets of the Samurai: The Martial Arts of Feudal Japan. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 23, 356-359. ISBN 978-0785810735. ^ a b Ueshiba, Kisshomaru; Moriteru Ueshiba 2002. Best Aikido: The Fundamentals Illustrated Japanese Classics. Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4770027627. ^ a b Aikido and injuries: special report by Fumiaki Shishida Aiki News 1989;80 April; partial English translation of article re-printed in Aikido Journal 1 ^ a b Pranin, Stanley 1983. Aikido and Injuries. Encyclopedia of Aikido. ^ Zetaruk, M; M A Violán, D Zurakowski, and L J Micheli 2005. Injuries in martial arts: a comparison of five styles. British journal of sports medicine 39 1: 29-33. BMJ Publishing Group. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.010322. PMID 15618336. 15618336. Retrieved on 2008-08-15. ^ Hyams, Joe 1979. Zen in the Martial Arts. New York: Bantam Books, 53-57. ISBN 767-8300450. ^ Heckler, Richard 1985. Aikido and the New Warrior. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 51-57. ISBN 978-0938190516. ^ a b Pranin, Stanley; Fisher, Alex Fall 1990. Aikido Practice Today. Aiki News 86. Aiki News. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. ^ Ledyard, George S. June 2002. Non-Traditional Attacks html. www.aikiweb.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-29. ^ Wagstaffe, Tony 30 March 2007. In response to the articles by Stanley Pranin - Martial arts in a state of decline? An end to the collusion? html. Aikido Journal. www.aikidojournal.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-29. ^ Pranin, Stanley 1994. Challenging the Status Quo. Aiki News 98. Aiki News. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. ^ a b Shibata, Minoru J. 2007. A Dilemma Deferred: An Identity Denied and Dismissed. Aikido Journal. www.aikidojournal.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-09. ^ YeYoung, Bing F.. The Conceptual Scheme of Chinese Philosophical Thinking - Qi. Literati Tradition. Retrieved on 2007-02-12. ^ Reed, William 1997. A Test Worth More than a Thousand Words. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aikido Look up Aikido in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. AikiWeb Aikido Information-a site on aikido, with essays, forums, gallery, reviews, columns, wiki and other information. AikidoFAQ-an informational aikido website, including articles, tips, and multimedia. v d e Aikido Concepts Aiki Irimi Maai Tai sabaki Takemusu Tenkan Zanshin Equipment Aikidogi Bokken Hakama JÅ? Obi TantÅ? Styles The first generation style was begun by Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido; the second generation by his direct students, the third generation by his students' students, and so on. First generation: Aikikai Second generation: Aikido Yuishinkai International Iwama style Ki Society Kobayashi aikido Korindo Aikido Shodokan Yoseikan Aikido Yoshinkan Third generation and later: Kokikai Fugakukai International Association Yoshokai Keijutsukai Aikido Ki no Kenkyukai Association Internationale List of aikidoka DaitÅ?-ryÅ« Aiki-jÅ«jutsu v d e Martial arts by focus Martial arts are listed by area of primary focus. Note that they may include training in the other areas. Striking BÄ?jÃquán · Boxing · Capoeira · Dambe · Fistfight · Fujian White Crane · Karate · KenpÅ? · Kickboxing · Lethwei · Muay Thai · Pradal Serey · Savate · Silat · Subak · Shaolin kung fu · Taekwondo · Tangsoodo · Wing Chun Grappling Aikido · Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu · Glima · Judo · Jujutsu · Kinomichi · Malla-yuddha · Varzesh-e Pahlavani · Pehlwani · Sambo · Shuai Jiao · Ssireum · Sumo · Wrestling Weaponry BattÅ?jutsu · Eskrima · Egyptian stick fencing · Fencing · Gatka · IaidÅ? · Iaijutsu · JÅ?dÅ? · Kendo · Kenjutsu · KyÅ«dÅ? · KyÅ«jutsu · Shurikenjutsu · Silambam · SÅ?jutsu Mixed, hybrid, and multi-discipline Baguazhang · Bando · Bartitsu · Hapkido · Hung Ga · Hwa Rang Do · Jeet Kune Do · Kalarippayattu · Krav Maga · MCMAP · Northern Praying Mantis · Ninjutsu · Pankration · Pencak Silat · San Shou · Shootfighting · Systema · Tai chi chuan · Vajra Mushti · Xingyiquan v d e Martial arts by country of origin The Martial Arts Portal Brazil: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Capoeira Burma Myanmar: Bando Lethwei Cambodia: Bokator Pradal Serey Canada: Okichitaw China: Baguazhang BÄ?jÃquán Northern Praying Mantis Shaolin kung fu Shuai Jiao Tai chi chuan Wing Chun Xingyiquan Zui Quan Choi Lei Fut Egypt: Egyptian stick fencing France: Kinomichi Savate Greco-Roman wrestling Germany: German school of fencing Greece: Pankration Iceland: Glima India: Gatka Kalarippayattu Malla-yuddha Pehlwani Silambam Vajra Mushti Iran: Varzesh-e Pahlavani Ireland: Bataireacht Israel: Krav Maga Italy: Italian school of swordsmanship Japan: Aikido BattÅ?jutsu HojÅ?jutsu IaidÅ? Iaijutsu JÅ?dÅ? Judo Jujutsu JÅ«kendÅ? Juttejutsu Kendo KenpÅ? Kenjutsu KyÅ«dÅ? KyÅ«jutsu Naginatajutsu Ninjutsu Shurikenjutsu SÅ?jutsu Sumo Korea: Hapkido Hankumdo Hwa Rang Do Subak Ssireum Taekkyeon Taekwondo Tang Soo Do Philippines: Eskrima Modern Arnis Sikaran Yawyan Panantukan Nigeria: Dambe Portugal: Jogo do Pau Russia: Fistfight Sambo Systema RyÅ«kyÅ« Kingdom: Karate Okinawan kobudÅ? Switzerland: Schwingen Thailand: Muay Thai Turkey: YaÄŸlı GüreÅŸ Amarok Sayokan United Kingdom Bartitsu Catch wrestling United States of America: Jeet Kune Do Kajukenbo Marine Corps Martial Arts Program Modern Army Combatives Collegiate wrestling Uzbekistan Kurash Vietnam: Vovinam Unknown or no single origin: Boxing Fencing Silat Stick fighting Wrestling Featured article Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Aikido Categories: Featured articles | DÅ? | Japanese martial arts | Gendai budo | Aikido | Throw grappling Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية AzÉ™rbaycan БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ã?slenska Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Kreyòl ayisyen LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 7 September 2008, at 01:21
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.