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14-September-2008 12:50:21 - Antoine Lavoisier Lavoisier redirects here. For other uses, see Lavoisier disambiguation. Antoine Lavoisier Father of modern chemistry Born August 26, 17431743-08-26 Paris, France Died May 8, 1794 aged 50 Paris, France Occupation Chemist, economist, nobleman Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier August 26, 1743 - May 8, 1794; French pronunciation: ɑ̃ˈtwan lɔˈÊ?ɑ̃ dÉ™ la.vwaˈzje, the father of modern chemistry,1 was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. He stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass,2 recognized and named oxygen 1778 and hydrogen 1783, abolished the phlogiston theory, introduced the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He was also an investor and administrator of the Ferme Générale a private tax collection company; chairman of the board of the Discount Bank later the Banque de France; and a powerful member of a number of other aristocratic administrative councils. All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. However, because of his prominence in the pre-revolutionary government in France, he was beheaded at the height of the French Revolution. Contents 1 Early life 2 Contributions to chemistry 2.1 Research on gases, water, and combustion 2.2 Pioneer of stoichiometry 2.3 Analytical chemistry and chemical nomenclature 2.4 Legacy 3 Contributions to biology 4 Law and politics 5 Final days, execution, and aftermath 6 Selected writings 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier and his Wife, by Jacques-Louis David Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier and his Wife, by Jacques-Louis David Born to a wealthy family in Paris, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier inherited a large fortune at the age of five with the passing of his mother.3 He attended the College Mazarin from 1754 to 1761, studying chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. His education was filled with the ideals of the French Enlightenment of the time, and he felt fascination for Maquois's dictionary. From 1761 to 1763, he studied some law at the University of Paris where he received his Bachelor of Law in 1763. At the same time, he continued attending lectures in the natural sciences. Lavoisier's devotion and passion for chemistry was largely influenced by Étienne Condillac, a prominent French scholar of the 18th century. His first chemical publication appeared in 1764. In collaboration with Jean-Étienne Guettard, Lavoisier worked on a geological survey of Alsace-Lorraine in 1767. At the age of 25, he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences, France's most elite scientific society, for an essay on street lighting and in recognition for his earlier research. In 1769, he worked on the first geological map of France. In 1771, Lavoisier at age 28, married the 14-year-old Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, the daughter of a co-owner of the Ferme. Over time, she proved to be a scientific colleague to her husband. She translated documents from English for him, including Richard Kirwan's Essay on Phlogiston and Joseph Priestley's research. She created many sketches and carved engravings of the laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier and his colleagues. She also ed and published Lavoisier's memoirs whether any English translations of those memoirs have survived is unknown as of today and hosted parties at which eminent scientists discussed ideas and problems related to chemistry.4 Contributions to chemistry Research on gases, water, and combustion Antoine Lavoisier's famous phlogiston experiment. Engraving by Mme Lavoisier in the 1780s taken from Traité élémentaire de chimie Elementary treatise on chemistry. Antoine Lavoisier's famous phlogiston experiment. Engraving by Mme Lavoisier in the 1780s taken from Traité élémentaire de chimie Elementary treatise on chemistry. The work of Lavoisier was translated in Japan in the 1840s, through the process of Rangaku. Page from Udagawa YÅ?an's 1840 Seimi KaisÅ?. The work of Lavoisier was translated in Japan in the 1840s, through the process of Rangaku. Page from Udagawa YÅ?an's 1840 Seimi KaisÅ?. He gave this gas its name, which means acid former, incorrectly believing that all acids had to contain it. Lavoisier also demonstrated the role of oxygen in the rusting of metal, as well as oxygen's role in animal and plant respiration. Working with Pierre-Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments that showed that respiration was essentially a slow combustion of organic material using inhaled oxygen. Lavoisier's explanation of combustion disproved the phlogiston theory, which postulated that materials released a substance called phlogiston when they burned. Lavoisier also discovered that Henry Cavendish's 'inflammable air', which Lavoisier had termed hydrogen Greek for water-former, combined with oxygen to produce a dew, as Joseph Priestley had reported, which appeared to be water. Lavoisier's work was partly based on the research of Priestley. However, he tried to take cr for Priestley's discoveries. This tendency to use the results of others without acknowledgment, then draw conclusions of his own, is said to be characteristic of Lavoisier. In Sur la combustion en général On Combustion in general, 1777 and Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides General Considerations on the Nature of Acids, 1778, he demonstrated that the air responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity. In 1779, he named this part of the air oxygen Greek for becoming sharp because he claimed that the sharp taste of acids came from oxygen, and the other azote Greek for no life. In Réflexions sur la Phlogistique Reflections on Phlogiston, 1783, Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory to be inconsistent. Pioneer of stoichiometry Laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier circa 1780s Laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier circa 1780s Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He carefully weighed the reactants and products in a chemical reaction, which was a crucial step in the advancement of chemistry. He showed that, although matter can change its state in a chemical reaction, the quantity of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical change. These experiments supported the law of conservation of mass, which Lavoisier was the first to state,2 although Mikhail Lomonosov 1711-1765 had previously expressed similar ideas in 1748 and proved them in experiments. Others who anticipated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black 1728-1799, Henry Cavendish 1731-1810, and Jean Rey 1583-1645. Analytical chemistry and chemical nomenclature Chemist's laboratory, from Diderot's Encyclopédie, with alchemical table of elements Chemist's laboratory, from Diderot's Encyclopédie, with alchemical table of elements Lavoisier investigated the composition of water and air, which at the time were considered elements. He determined that the components of water were oxygen and hydrogen, and that air was a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen. With the French chemists Claude-Louis Berthollet, Antoine Fourcroy and Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier devised a systematic chemical nomenclature. He described it in Méthode de nomenclature chimique Method of Chemical Nomenclature, 1787. This system facilitated communication of discoveries between chemists of different backgrounds and is still largely in use today, including names such as sulfuric acid, sulfates, and sulfites. Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie Treatise of Elementary Chemistry, 1789, translated into English by Scotsman Robert Kerr is considered to be the first modern chemistry textbook. It presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clear statement of the law of conservation of mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston. This text clarified the concept of an element as a substance that could not be broken down by any known method of chemical analysis, and presented Lavoisier's theory of the formation of chemical compounds from elements. While many leading chemists of the time refused to accept Lavoisier's new ideas, the Traité Élémentaire was sufficiently sound to convince the next generation. Combustion generated by focusing sunlight over flammable materials using lenses, an experiment conducted by Lavoisier in the 1770s Combustion generated by focusing sunlight over flammable materials using lenses, an experiment conducted by Lavoisier in the 1770s Detail of picture of a combustion experiment Detail of picture of a combustion experiment Legacy Constant pressure calorimeter , engraving made by madame Lavoisier for thermochemistry experiments. Constant pressure calorimeter , engraving made by madame Lavoisier for thermochemistry experiments. Lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory. He established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent of all acids which later turned out to be erroneous. Lavoisier also did early research in physical chemistry and thermodynamics in joint experiments with Laplace. They used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced, eventually finding the same ratio for a flame and animals, indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion reaction. Lavoisier also contributed to early ideas on composition and chemical changes by stating the radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a single group in a chemical process, combine with oxygen in reactions. He also introduced the possibility of allotropy in chemical elements when he discovered that diamond is a crystalline form of carbon. However, much to his professional detriment, Lavoisier actually discovered no new substances, devised no really novel apparatus, and worked out no improved methods of preparation. He was essentially a theorist, and his great merit lay in the capacity of taking over experimental work that others had carried out--without always, unfortunately, adequately recognizing their claims--and by a rigorous logical procedure, reinforced by his own quantitative experiments, of expounding the true explanation of the results. He completed the work of Black, Priestley and Cavendish, and gave a correct explanation of their experiments. Overall, his contributions are considered the most important in advancing chemistry to the level reached in physics and mathematics during 18th century.5 Lavoisier conducting an experiment on respiration in the 1770s. Lavoisier conducting an experiment on respiration in the 1770s. Contributions to biology Lavoisier used a calorimeter to measure heat production as a result of respiration in a guinea pig. The outer shell of the calorimeter was packed with snow, which melted to maintain a constant temperature of 0 °C around an inner shell filled with ice. The guinea pig in the center of the chamber produced heat which melted the ice. The water that flowed out of the calorimeter was collected and weighed. Lavoisier found that 1 kg of melted ice corresponded to 80 kcal of heat production by the guinea pig. Lavoisier concluded, la respiration est donc une combustion, that is, respiratory gas exchange is a combustion, like that of a candle burning.6 Law and politics Lavoisier received a law degree and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced as a lawyer. He did become interested in French politics, and at the age of 26 he obtained a position as a tax collector in the Ferme Générale, a tax farming company, where he attempted to introduce reforms in the French monetary and taxation system to help the peasants. While in government work, he helped develop the metric system to secure uniformity of weights and measures throughout France. Final days, execution, and aftermath Statue of Lavoisier, at Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Statue of Lavoisier, at Hôtel de Ville, Paris. As one of twenty-eight French tax collectors and a powerful figure in the unpopular Ferme Générale, Lavoisier was branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror by French Revolutionists in 1794. Lavoisier had also intervened on behalf of a number of foreign-born scientists including mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange, granting them exception to a mandate stripping all foreigners of possessions and freedom.7 Lavoisier was tried, convicted, and guillotined on May 8 in Paris, at the age of 50. Lavoisier was actually one of the few liberals in his position. One of his actions that may have sealed his fate was a clash a few years earlier with the young Jean-Paul Marat whom he dismissed curtly after being presented with a preposterous 'scientific invention'. Marat subsequently became a leading revolutionary and one of the French Revolution's more extreme professional common men. An appeal to spare his life so that he could continue his experiments was cut short by the judge: The Republic needs neither scientists nor chemists; the course of justice can not be delayed.8 Lavoisier's importance to science was expressed by Lagrange who lamented the beheading by saying: Cela leur a pris seulement un instant pour lui couper la tête, mais la France pourrait ne pas en produire un autre pareil en un siècle. It took them only an instant to cut off his head, but France may not produce another like him in a century.910 One and a half years following his death, Lavoisier was exonerated by the French government. When his private belongings were delivered to his widow, a brief note was included reading To the widow of Lavoisier, who was falsely convicted. About a century after his death, a statue of Lavoisier was erected in Paris. It was later discovered that the sculptor had not actually copied Lavoisier's head for the statue, but used a spare head of the Marquis de Condorcet, the Secretary of the Academy of Sciences during Lavoisier's last years. Lack of money prevented alterations being made. The statue was melted down during the Second World War and has not since been replaced. However, one of the main lycées highschools in Paris and a street in the 8th arrondissement are named after Lavoisier, and statues of him are found on the Hôtel de Ville photograph, right and on the façade of the Cour Napoléon of the Louvre. Selected writings Lavoisier, Antoine 1789. Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes. Paris: Chez Cuchet. - Reprinted 1965, Bruxelles: Cultures et Civilisations Lavoisier, Antoine 1965. Elements of Chemistry. New York: Dover. - Reprint of Robert Kerr's English translation of 1790 See also List of independent discoveries Timeline of hydrogen technologies References ^ Lavoisier, Antoine. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 July 2007 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9369846. ^ a b Schwinger, Julian 1986. Einstein's Legacy. New York: Scientific American Library, p. 93. ISBN 0-7167-5011-2. ^ Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier. Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ Eagle, Cassandra T.; Jennifer Sloan 1998. Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry PDF. The Chemical Educator 3 5: 1 - 18. doi:10.1007/s00897980249a. Retrieved on 2007-12-14. ^ Charles C. Gillespie, Foreword to Lavoisier by Jean-Pierre Poirier, University of Pennsylvania Press, English ion, 1996. ^ Is a Calorie a Calorie? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 79, No. 5, 899S-906S, May 2004 ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. 2006-09-26. Lagrange Biography in English. Retrieved on 2006-04-20. In September 1793 a law was passed ordering the arrest of all foreigners born in enemy countries and all their property to be confiscated. Lavoisier intervened on behalf of Lagrange, who certainly fell under the terms of the law, and he was granted an exception. On 8 May 1794, after a trial that lasted less than a day, a revolutionary tribunal condemned Lavoisier, who had saved Lagrange from arrest, and 27 others to death. Lagrange said on the death of Lavoisier, who was guillotined on the afternoon of the day of his trial ^ Commenting on this quotation, Denis Duveen, an English expert on Lavoiser and a collector of his works, wrote that it is pretty certain that it was never uttered. For Duveen's evidence, see the following: Duveen, Denis I. February 1954. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and the French Revolution. Journal of Chemical Education 31: 60 - 65. . ^ Delambre, Jean-Baptiste 1867, Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. le Comte J.-L. Lagrange, in Serret, J. A., Oeuvres de Lagrande, 1, pp. xl ^ Guerlac, Henry 1973. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier - Chemist and Revolutionary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 130. Further reading Lavoisier, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet, ca 1853, among culture heroes in the Louvre's Cour Napoléon Lavoisier, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet, ca 1853, among culture heroes in the Louvre's Cour Napoléon Berthelot, M. 1890. La révolution chimique: Lavoisier. Paris: Alcan. Daumas, M. 1955. Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Donovan, Arthur 1993. Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration, and Revolution. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Grey, Vivian 1982. The Chemist Who Lost His Head: The Story of Antoine Lavoisier. Coward, McCann Geoghegan, Inc.. Guerlac, Henry 1961. Lavoisier - The Crucial Year. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Holmes, Frederic Lawrence 1985. Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Holmes, Frederic Lawrence 1998. Antoine Lavoisier - The Next Crucial Year, or the Sources of his Quantitative Method in Chemistry. Princeton University Press. Jackson, Joe 2005. A World on Fire: A Heretic, An Aristocrat And The Race to Discover Oxygen. Viking. Johnson, Horton A. 2008. Revolutionary Instruments, Lavoisier's Tools as Objets d'Art. Chemical Heritage 26: 30 - 35. Kelly, Jack 2004. Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, Pyrotechnics. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03718-6. McKie, Douglas 1935. Antoine Lavoisier: The Father of Modern Chemistry. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott Company. McKie, Douglas 1952. Antoine Lavoisier: Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer. New York: Henry Schuman. Poirier, Jean-Pierre 1996, English ion. Lavoisier. University of Pennsylvania Press. Scerri, Eric 2007. The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press. External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Antoine Lavoisier Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Laurent Lavoisier A virtual museum of Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier - Chemical Achievers profile. Who was the first to classify materials as compounds? - Fred Senese French The Complete Works of Lavoisier ed by Pietro Corsi and Patrice Bret and realised by CNRS Radio 4 program on the discovery of oxygen by the BBC v d e Figures in the Age of Enlightenment by region and country Americas English-speaking America Benjamin Franklin · David Rittenhouse · John Adams · Thomas Jefferson · James Madison · Thomas Paine Latin America Eugenio Espejo · José JoaquÃn Fernández de Lizardi · Servando Teresa de Mier · Francisco de Miranda · Simón BolÃvar Central Europe Holy Roman Empire Christian Thomasius · Erhard Weigel · Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz · Frederick II · Immanuel Kant · Gotthold Ephraim Lessing · Thomas Abbt · Johann Gottfried von Herder · Adam Weishaupt · Johann Wolfgang von Goethe · J.C.F. von Schiller · Carl Friedrich Gauss · Moses Mendelssohn · Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Hungary Ferenc Kazinczy · József Kármán · János Batsányi · Mihály Fazekas Netherlands Hugo Grotius · Baruch Spinoza · Franciscus van den Enden Eastern Europe Georgia Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani · David Bagrationi · Solomon Dodashvili Greece Adamantios Korais · Rigas Feraios · Theophilos Kairis Poland StanisÅ‚aw LeszczyÅ„ski · StanisÅ‚aw Konarski · StanisÅ‚aw August Poniatowski · Ignacy Krasicki · Hugo KoÅ‚Å‚Ä…taj · Ignacy Potocki · StanisÅ‚aw Staszic · Jan Åšniadecki · Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz · JÄ™drzej Åšniadecki Russia Catherine the Great · Mikhail Lomonosov · Ivan Shuvalov · Ivan Betskoy · Ekaterina Dashkova · Nikolay Novikov · Mikhail Shcherbatov · Alexander Radishchev Serbia Dositej Obradović Great Britain and Ireland England Richard Arkwright · Jeremy Bentham · Daniel Defoe · John Dryden · Henry Fielding · Edward Gibbon · Thomas Hobbes · Samuel Johnson · John Locke · Lord Shaftesbury · Isaac Newton · Thomas Paine · Beilby Porteus · Horace Walpole · John Wilkes · Mary Wollstonecraft Ireland George Berkeley · Edmund Burke · Jonathan Swift · John Toland Scotland Joseph Black · James Boswell · Robert Burns · Adam Ferguson · Francis Hutcheson · David Hume · James Hutton · Lord Kames · Lord Monboddo · James Macpherson · Thomas Reid · William Robertson · Adam Smith · Dugald Stewart · George Turnbull · James Watt Latin Europe France Pierre Bayle · Fontenelle · Montesquieu · François Quesnay · Voltaire · G.L. 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DATE OF BIRTH August 26, 17431743-08-26 PLACE OF BIRTH Paris, France DATE OF DEATH May 8, 1794 PLACE OF DEATH Paris, France Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier Categories: Discoverers of chemical elements | French chemists | French biologists | People from Paris | People executed by guillotine during the French Revolution | French Roman Catholics | 1743 births | 1794 deaths | Members of the French Academy of Sciences | Gentleman scientists | Executed French people Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Asturianu Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Gaeilge Gà idhlig í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Novial Occitan Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 11 September 2008, at 21:5
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