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14-September-2008 12:50:21 - Aphasia It has been suggested that dysphasia be merged into this article or section. Discuss It has been suggested that Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test be merged into this article or section. Discuss For other uses, see Aphasia disambiguation. Aphasia Classification and external resources ICD-10 F80.0-F80.2, R47.0 ICD-9 315.31, 784.3 DiseasesDB 4024 MedlinePlus 003204 eMedicine neuro/437 MeSH D001037 Look up aphasia, aphemia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Aphasia from Greek, aphatos : 'speechless', also known as aphemia, is a loss of the ability to produce and/or comprehend language, due to injury to brain areas specialized for these functions, Broca's area, which governs language production, or Wernicke's area, which governs the interpretation of language. It is not a result of deficits in sensory, intellect, or psychiatric functioning,1 nor due to muscle weakness or a cognitive disorder. Depending on the area and extent of the damage, someone suffering from aphasia may be able to speak but not write, or vice versa, or display any of a wide variety of other deficiencies in language comprehension and production, such as being able to sing but not speak. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage. Contents 1 Causes 2 Medical treatment 2.1 Diagnosis 3 Symptoms 4 Prognosis 5 Types 6 Classification 6.1 Localizationist model 6.2 Fluent, non-fluent and pure aphasias 6.3 Cognitive neuropsychological model 6.4 Primary and secondary aphasia 7 History 8 Famous sufferers 9 See also 10 Sources 10.1 Academic references 10.2 Personal experiences of aphasia 10.3 References 11 External links Causes Usually, aphasias are a result of damage lesions to the language centres of the brain like Broca's area. These areas are almost always located in the left hemisphere, and in most people this is where the ability to produce and comprehend language is found. However, in a very small number of people, language ability is found in the right hemisphere. In either case, damage to these language areas can be caused by a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other head injury. Aphasia may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor or progressive neurological disease, e.g., Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. It may also be caused by a sudden hemorrhagic event within the brain. Certain chronic neurological disorders, such as epilepsy or migraine, can also include transient aphasia as a prodromal or episodic symptom. Certain benzodiazepines such as temazepam and flunitrazepam have also been known causes of aphasias.citation needed Aphasia is also listed as a rare side effect of the fentanyl patch, an opioid used to control chronic pain. Medical treatment Diagnosis Aphasia can be assessed in a variety of ways, from quick clinical screening at the bedside to several-hour-long batteries of tasks that examine the key components of language and communication. Symptoms Any of the following may be considered symptoms of aphasia: inability to comprehend language inability to pronounce, not due to muscle paralysis or weakness inability to speak spontaneously inability to form words inability to name objects poor enunciation excessive creation and use of personal neologisms inability to repeat a phrase persistent repetition of phrases paraphasia substituting letters, syllables or words agrammatism inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion dysprosody alterations in inflexion, stress, and rhythm incompleted sentences inability to read inability to write Prognosis The prognosis of those with aphasia varies widely, and is dependent upon age of the patient, site and size of lesion, and type of aphasia. Types The following table summarizes some major characteristics of different types of aphasia: Type of aphasia Repetition Naming Auditory comprehension Fluency Presentation Wernicke's aphasia mild-mod mild-severe defective fluent paraphasic Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words neologisms. For example, someone with Wernicke's aphasia may say, You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before, meaning The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk. They have poor auditory and reading comprehension, and fluent, but nonsensical, oral and written expression. Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding the speech of both themselves and others and are therefore often unaware of their mistakes. They are also often unaware of their surroundings, and may present a risk to themselves and others around them. Transcortical sensory aphasia good mod-severe poor fluent Similar deficits as in Wernicke's aphasia, but repetition ability remains intact. Conduction aphasia poor poor relatively good fluent Caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, the structure that transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Auditory comprehension is near normal, and oral expression is fluent with occasional paraphasic errors. Repetition ability is poor. Anomic aphasia mild mod-severe mild fluent Anomic aphasia, is essentially a difficulty with naming. The patient may have difficulties naming certain words, linked by their grammatical type e.g. difficulty naming verbs and not nouns or by their semantic category e.g. difficulty naming words relating to photography but nothing else or a more general naming difficulty. Patients tend to produce grammatic, yet empty, speech. Auditory comprehension tends to be preserved. Broca's aphasia mod-severe mod-severe mild difficulty non-fluent, effortful, slow Individuals with Broca's aphasia frequently speak short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort. Broca's aphasia is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia. Affected people often omit small words such as is, and, and the. For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, Walk dog meaning, I will take the dog for a walk. The same sentence could also mean You take the dog for a walk, or The dog walked out of the yard, depending on the circumstances. Individuals with Broca's aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems. It is associated with right hemiparesis, meaning that there will be paralysis of the patient's right arm, leg, and face. Transcortical motor aphasia good mild-severe mild non-fluent Similar deficits as Broca's aphasia, except repetition ability remains intact. Auditory comprehension is generally fine for simple conversations, but declines rapidly for more complex conversations. It is associated with right hemiparesis, meaning that there will be paralysis of the patient's right arm, leg, and face. Global aphasia poor poor poor non-fluent Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and will be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language. They may be totally nonverbal, and/or only use facial expressions and gestures to communicate. It is associated with right hemiparesis, meaning that there will be paralysis of the patient's right arm, leg, and face. Transcortical mixed aphasia moderate poor poor non-fluent Similar deficits as in global aphasia, but repetition ability remains intact. Subcortical aphasias Characteristics and symptoms depend upon the site and size of subcortical lesion. Possible sites of lesions include the thalamus, internal capsule, and basal ganglia. Classification Classifying the different subtypes of aphasia is difficult and has led to disagreements among experts. The localizationist model is the original model, but modern anatomical techniques and analyses have shown that precise connections between brain regions and symptom classification don't exist. The neural organization of language is complicated; language is a comprehensive and complex behavior and it makes sense that it isn't the product of some small, circumscribed region of the brain. No classification of patients in subtypes and groups of subtypes is adequate. Only about 60% of patients will fit in a classification scheme such as fluent/nonfluent/pure aphasias. There is a huge variation among patients with the same diagnosis, and aphasias can be highly selective. For instance, patients with naming deficits anomic aphasia might show an inability only for naming buildings, or people, or colors. 2 Localizationist model Cortex Cortex The localizationist model attempts to classify the aphasia by major characteristics and then link these to areas of the brain in which the damage has been caused. The initial two categories here were devised by early neurologists working in the field, namely Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke. Other researchers have added to the model, resulting in it often being referred to as the Boston-Neoclassical Model. The most prominent writers on this topic have been Harold Goodglass and h Kaplan. Individuals with Broca's aphasia also termed expressive aphasia were once thought to have ventral temporal damage though more recent work by Nina Dronkers using imaging and 'lesion analysis' has revealed that patients with Broca's aphasia have lesions to the medial insular cortex. Broca missed these lesions because his studies did not dissect the brains of diseased patients so only the more temporal damage was visible. Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg because the frontal lobe is also important for body movement. In contrast to Broca's aphasia, damage to the temporal lobe may result in a fluent aphasia that is called Wernicke's aphasia also termed sensory aphasia. These individuals usually have no body weakness because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement. Working from Wernicke's model of aphasia, Ludwig Lichtheim proposed five other types of aphasia but these were not tested against real patients until modern imaging made more indepth studies available. The other five types of aphasia in the localizationist model are: Pure word deafness Conduction aphasia Apraxia of speech, which is now considered a separate disorder in itself. Transcortical motor aphasia Transcortical sensory aphasia Anomia is another type of aphasia proposed under what is commonly known as the Boston-Neoclassical model, which is essentially a difficulty with naming. A final type of aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. Fluent, non-fluent and pure aphasias The different types of aphasia can be divided into three categories: fluent, non-fluent and pure aphasias.3 Fluent aphasias, also called receptive aphasias, are impairments related mostly to the input or reception of language, with difficulties either in auditory verbal comprehension or in the repetition of words, phrases, or sentences spoken by others. Speech is easy and fluent, but there are difficulties related to the output of language as well, such as paraphasia. Examples of fluent aphasias are: Wernicke's aphasia, Transcortical sensory aphasia, Conduction aphasia, Anomic aphasia Nonfluent aphasias, also called expressive aphasias are difficulties in articulating, but in most cases there is relatively good auditory verbal comprehension. Examples of nonfluent aphasias are: Broca's aphasia, Transcortical motor aphasia, Global aphasia Pure aphasias are selective impairments in reading, writing, or the recognition of words. These disorders may be quite selective. For example, a person is able to read but not write, or is able to write but not read. Examples of pure aphasias are: Alexia, Agraphia, Pure word deafness Cognitive neuropsychological model The cognitive neuropsychological model builds on cognitive neuropsychology. It assumes that language processing can be broken down into a number of modules, each of which has a specific function. Hence there is a module which recognises phonemes as they are spoken and a module which stores formulated phonemes before they are spoken. Use of this model clinically involves conducting a battery of assessments usually from the PALPA, each of which tests one or a number of these modules. Once a diagnosis is reached as to where the impairment lies, therapy can proceed to treat the individual module. A few less common subtypes include: Subcortical motor aphasia Subcortical sensory aphasia Mixed transcortical aphasia Acquired epileptiform aphasia Landau Kleffner Syndrome A combination of subtypes is possible. Primary and secondary aphasia Aphasia can be divided into primary and secondary aphasia.4 Primary aphasia is due to problems with language-processing mechanisms. Secondary aphasia is the result of other problems, like memory impairments, attention disorders, or perceptual problems. History The first recorded case of aphasia is from an Egyptian papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which details speech problems in a person with a traumatic brain injury to the temporal lobe.5 Famous sufferers Maurice Ravel Jan Berry of Jan and Dean Sven Nykvist Ralph Waldo Emerson Robert E. Lee Joseph Chaikin Antony Flew See also Speech disorder Dysnomia disorder Sources Academic references R. Chapey Ed. 2001. Language Intervention Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders Fourth ion. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Goodglass, H. Kaplan, E. 1972. Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders. Philadelphia: Lea and Febinger. Kay, J., Lesser, R., Coltheart, M. 1992. Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia PALPA. Hove: Erlbaum. Spreen, O. Risser, A.H. 2003. Assessment of Aphasia. New York: Oxford University Press. Personal experiences of aphasia Hale, S 2003, The Man Who Lost His Language, Penguin. Paul E. Berger and Stephanie Mensh, How to Conquer the World With One Hand...And an Attitude, 2nd Ed., ISBN 0-9668378-7-8 Cindy Greatrex 2005 Aphasia in the Deaf Community. Dardick, Geeta 1991, Prisoner of Silence, Reader's Digest, June issue References ^ Brookshire, 1992; Goodglass 1993 ^ Kolb Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 2003, page 502, 505, 511. ^ Kolb Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 2003, pages 502-504. The whole paragraph fluent, non-fluent and pure aphasias is written with help of this reference. ^ http://christofflab.psych.ubc.ca/psych260/docs/L12-Language.pdf ^ Paul R. McCrory and Samuel F. Berkovic 2001. Concussion: The history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions. Neurology, 5712: 2283-2289. PMID 11756611. External links American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Description of aphasia and the role of the speech-language pathologist in assessment and treatment. Aphasia Center of California in Oakland, CA, U.S. Aphasia Center of West Texas in Midland, TX, U.S. The Aphasia Institute Pat Arato Aphasia Center Aphasia Centre of Ottawa Ottawa, Canada NIDCD health information: Aphasia public domain source In So Many Words Radio documentary broadcast on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's The Sunday ion program on Sunday, December 15, 2002 Picturing Aphasia Documentary film about aphasia that uses drawings to help bridge the gap between hearing, seeing, and comprehending. Directed by Mores McWreath. Description of four types of aphasia: auditory, afferent, efferent, and semantic at University of Washington National Aphasia Association U.S. Aphasia Project: Research into assistive devices for people with aphasia Princeton University UK Based advice on aphasia and a forum for aphasics Linguish - a play about aphasia British Aphasiology Society Eleanor M. Saffran Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Aphasia and the Relationship of Language and Brain v d e Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice R47-R49, 784 Aphasia/Dysphasia Expressive aphasia - Receptive aphasia - Conduction aphasia Other speech disturbances Dysarthria - Schizophasia Symbolic dysfunctions Dyslexia - Alexia - Agnosia Prosopagnosia, Astereognosis - Apraxia Ideomotor apraxia - Acalculia - Agraphia Voice disturbances Dysphonia - Aphonia v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Aphasia Categories: Neurological disorders | Communication disorders | AphasiasHidden categories: Articles to be merged since June 2008 | Articles to be merged since March 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки ÄŒesky Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька اردو ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 26 August 2008, at 01:59
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