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14-September-2008 12:50:21 - Appeal to nature Appeal to nature is a commonly seen fallacy of relevance consisting of a claim that something is good or right because it is natural, or that something is bad or wrong because it is unnatural. In this type of fallacy nature is often implied as an ideal or desired state of being, a state of how things were, should be, or are: in this sense an appeal to nature may resemble an appeal to tradition. Several problems exist with this type of argument that makes it a fallacy. First of all the word natural is often a loaded term, usually unconsciously equated with normality, and its use in many cases is simply a form of bias. Second, nature and natural have vague definitions and thus the claim that something is natural may not be correct by every definition of the term natural; a good example would be the claim of all-natural foods, such as all-natural wheat, the claimed wheat though is usually a hybridised plant that has been bred by artificial selection. Lastly, the argument can quickly be invalidated by a counter-argument that demonstrates something that is natural that has undesirable properties for example aging, illness, and death are natural, or something that is unnatural that has desirable properties for example, many modern medicines are not found in nature, yet have saved countless lives. Generic forms of an appeal to nature are: X is Y because it is natural. Y being a desirable property X is Z because it is unnatural. Z being an undesirable property Or simply when a desirable or undesirable property is implied: X is natural. X is unnatural. This fallacy is commonly seen on the labels and advertisements for alternative herbal remedies. The labels often have the phrase all-natural to assert that the product is safe. The idea that natural herbs and plants are always safe ignores the many toxic plants found in nature hemlock, nightshade, poisonous mushrooms and any possible side effects the herbs might have. Cocaine, for instance, is an all-natural medicine derived from the coca plant, and which was prescribed for many years for everything from chest colds to depression, yet it is highly addictive and can wreak havoc on the body's organs. Whether a product is all-natural or not is irrelevant in determining its safety or effectiveness. The presence of this fallacy is manifest in the logic behind certain objections to evolution, specifically objections to evolution's morality. Those who object for this reason assume that if behaviors such as polygamy, infanticide and violence are shown to be natural, that would make them acceptable. This misunderstanding has fueled some animosity towards evolutionary biologists, for example sociobiology was criticized from this angle in the latter half of the twentieth century. Others, while not believing 'natural' to be 'right' themselves, assume that those advancing evolutionary theories do. This objection should not be confused with the closely related criticism that biologists in these fields are suggesting genetic determinism. Some have argued that biological findings regarding evolution and human nature have helped propel the political right into power. Biologist John Maynard Smith replied to such criticism with the question What should we have done, fiddled the equations? In reality, writers in this field often consider the selfish behavior seen in nature important in understanding why we act the way we do, and as a warning of how we should not behave. One of the main themes Richard Dawkins pursues in The Selfish Gene is that we should not derive our values from Darwinism, unless it is with a negative sign.1 He points out that a society that uses nature as a moral compass would be a very nasty society in which to live. He makes the point, however, that there are many people who simply cannot discriminate between a statement of what is and what ought to be.2 See also Evolution of morality Greenwashing Naturalistic fallacy - a related fallacy often assumed to mean the same thing. Social Darwinism References ^ This is somewhat inaccurate as well though. A better way of putting it is that what is natural should simply have no bearing on what is moral; both appeal to nature and nature with a negative sign would provide a disastrous basis for an ethical system. ^ Dawkins, R. 2006. The Selfish Gene, 30th Anniversary ion. pp. xiv, 3. The Natural Law fallacy / Appeal to Nature Appeal to Nature Natural is safe myth v d e Fallacies of relevance General Absurdity Accident Ad nauseam Argument from ignorance Argument from silence Argumentum ad populum Base rate fallacy Compound question Fallacy of many questions Argument to moderation Naturalistic fallacy Proof by assertion Irrelevant conclusion Special pleading Straw man Style over substance fallacy Two wrongs make a right Appeals to emotion Fear Flattery Nature Novelty Pity Ridicule Repugnance Spite Genetic fallacies Ad hominem Ad hominem tu quoque Appeal to authority Appeal to motive Appeal to tradition Appeal to wealth Appeal to poverty Association fallacy Bulverism Chronological snobbery Ipse-dixitism Poisoning the well Appeal to Etymology Reductio ad Hitlerum Appeals to consequences Appeal to force Wishful thinking Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Appeal_to_nature Categories: Relevance fallacies Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Español Lietuvių This page was last modified on 19 August 2008, at 00:06
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