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14-September-2008 12:50:21 - Arhat A Chinese Luohan statue from the Liao Dynasty 907-1125 in Hebei Province, China A Chinese Luohan statue from the Liao Dynasty 907-1125 in Hebei Province, China Part of a series on Jain philosophy Concepts AnekÄ?ntavÄ?da · SyÄ?dvÄ?da · NayavÄ?da · Jain Cosmology · Ahimsa · Karma · Dharma · Nirvana · Kevala JñÄ?na · Moká¹£a Persons Ancient Kundakunda · Samantabhadra UmÄ?svÄ?ti or UmÄ?svÄ?mi · Siddhasena DivÄ?kara · Medieval Aklanka · Haribhadra · Hemacandra · MÄ?nikyanandi · VidyÄ?nandi · PrabhÄ?candra · YaÅ›ovijaya · Modern Pt. SukhlÄ?l · Dr. MahendrakumÄ?r NyÄ?yÄ?cÄ?rya This box: view talk In the sramanic traditions of ancient India most notably those of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha arhat Sanskrit or arahant Pali signified a spiritual practitioner who had-to use an expression common in the tipitaka-laid down the burden-and realised the goal of nirvana, the culmination of the spiritual life brahmacarya. Such a person, having removed all causes for future becoming, is not reborn after biological death into any samsaric realm. Contents 1 Origin 2 Variations 3 Theravada Buddhism 4 Mahayana Buddhism 5 Jainism 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Origin A Luohan, by Liu Songnian, late 12th-early 13th century, Song Dynasty. A Luohan, by Liu Songnian, late 12th-early 13th century, Song Dynasty. The word arahan literally means worthy one1 an alternative folk etymology is foe-destroyer or vanquisher of enemies2 and constitutes the highest grade of noble person-ariya-puggala-described by the Buddha as recorded in the Pali canon. The word was used as it is today in the liturgy of Theravada Buddhism as an epithet of the Buddha himself as well as of his enlightened disciples. The most widely recited liturgical reference is perhaps the homage: Namo Tassa Bhagavato, Arahato, Samma-sammbuddhassa.-Homage to him, the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the perfectly enlightened Buddha. Variations Burmese: ရဟန္á€?ာ yahanda; IPA: yahá̃ dà ; MLCTS: ra. hanta Chinese: 阿羅漢/ç¾…æ¼¢ Ä?luóhà n, luóhà n; rarer terms: 應供 yinggong, 應真 yingzhen, 真人 zhenren. 真人 normally refers to a respected Taoist, and the term comes from the book Huangdi Neijing. Hindi: अरà¥?हनà¥?त arhant Japanese: 阿羅漢 ç¾…æ¼¢ arakan, rakan Korean: 나한 nahan, ì•„ë?¼í•œarahan Tibetan: dgra bcom pa Thai: à¸à¸£à¸«à¸±à¸™à¸•à¹Œ arahant Vietnamese: la hán Mongolian: найдан Theravada Buddhism In Theravada Buddhism the Buddha himself is first named as an arahant, as were his enlightened followers, since he is free from all defilements, without greed, hatred, and delusion, rid of ignorance and craving, having no assets that will lead to a future birth, knowing and seeing the real here and now. This virtue shows stainless purity, true worth, and the accomplishment of the end, nibbana.3 In the Pali canon, Ven. Ä€nanda states that he has known monastics to achieve nibbana in one of four ways: one develops insight preceded by serenity Pali: samatha-pubbaṇgamaṃ vipassanaṃ; one develops serenity preceded by insight vipassanÄ?-pubbaṇgamaṃ samathaṃ; one develops serenity and insight in a stepwise fashion samatha-vipassanaṃ yuganaddhaṃ; one's mind becomes seized by excitation about the dhamma and, as a consequence, develops serenity and abandons the fetters dhamma-uddhacca-viggahitaṃ mÄ?nasaṃ hoti.45 In Theravada, although the Arahants has achieved the same goals which is identical to Buddha, there are some differences among Arahant due to the way of their practice. Mahayana Buddhism Arhat figurines in the Huating Temple in the Western Hills near Kunming, China Arhat figurines in the Huating Temple in the Western Hills near Kunming, China A garden featuring depictions of various arhats Hsi Lai Temple, California A garden featuring depictions of various arhats Hsi Lai Temple, California Mahayana Buddhists see the Buddha himself as the ideal towards which one should aim in one's spiritual aspirations. Hence the arhat as enlightened disciple of the Buddha is not regarded as the goal as much as is the bodhisattva. Bodhisattva carries a different meaning in Mahayana Buddhism compared to Theravada Buddhism. In the Pali scriptures the Tathagata when relating his own experiences of self-development uses a stock phrase when I was an unenlightened bodhisattva. Bodhisattva thus connotes here the absence of enlightenment Bodhi of a person working towards that goal. In Mahayana Buddhism, on the other hand a bodhisattva is someone who seeks to put the welfare of others before their own, forfeiting their own enlightenment until all beings are saved. Such a person is said to have achieved a proto-enlightenment called bodhicitta. Jainism Pre-Kushana Jain Arhat from Mathura Pre-Kushana Jain Arhat from Mathura In Jainism, the term arhat or arihant is a synonym for jina and is a siddha who has not yet died and thereby lost all aghatiya karma. It is not a synonym of Tirthankar, which refers specifically to certain arhats who have certain karmas that enable them to become teachers of Jainism. The Jain Navakar Mantra starts with Namo Arhantanam. See also Four stages of enlightenment Buddhahood Tirthankara Kevala Jnana Nirvana Jainism Siddha Jainism and non-creationism Notes ^ An authoritative Pali-to-English translation of arahant can be found in Rhys Davids Stede 1921-25, p. 77.1 ^ See Mitra, Rajendralala ed 1877 Lalitavistara or Memoirs of the Early Life of Sakya Sinha, Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, English appendix page 10658.2 ^ Khantipalo 1989, Introduction.3 ^ Ven. Ä€nanda's teaching on achieving arhantship can be found in AN 4.170. Translations for this sutta can be found in Bodhi 2005 pp. 268-9, 439, and Thanissaro 1998. ^ Bodhi 2005, p. 268, translates this fourth way as: a monk's mind is seized by agitation about the teaching. Thanissaro 1998 gives a seemingly contrary interpretation of: a monk's mind has its restlessness concerning the Dhamma Comm: the corruptions of insight well under control. Thus, it appears possible to interpret the excitation Pali: uddhacca, see Rhys Davids Stede, 1921-25 as either something that the future arahant uses to impel their pursuit of the path or something that the future arahant controls in order to pursue the path. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arahant Bodhi, Bhikkhu ed. 2005. In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the PÄ?li Canon.Boston: Wisdom Pubs. ISBN 0-86171-491-1. Khantipalo, Bhikkhu 1989. Buddha, My Refuge: Contemplation of the Buddha based on the Pali Suttas. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. ISBN 9-55240-037-6. An excerpt from the Introduction is available on-line at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Buddhawaslike/message/17. Rhys Davids, T.W. William Stede eds. 1921-5. The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. Thanissaro Bhikkhu trans. 1998. Yuganaddha Sutta: In Tandem. 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