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14-September-2008 12:50:21 - Vinyasa Yoga Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga of Pattabi Jois Religious origins: Hinduism Regional origins: Mysore, India Founding Guru: Krishnamacharya of Mysore, Satguru of Sri K. Pattabhi Jois Mainstream popularity: Growing from the late 20th century Practice emphases: Employs Vinyasa, or connecting postures. Derivative forms: Vinyasa Yoga; Flow Yoga - Employs connecting postures, without use of specific series' Related schools Iyengar Yoga Sivananda Yoga Other topics Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is a system of yoga that has its origins allegedly in an ancient manuscript known as the Yoga Korunta, compiled by the sage Vamana Rishi. Its current form was developed at the Mysore Palace in Mysore India.1 and is commonly attributed to Sri K. Pattabhi Jois by way of his Satguru, Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya. In discussing the Ashtanga Vinyasa system, a clear distinction must be made between the eight ashta limbs anga of classical yoga as outlined by Pantanjali in the Yoga Sutras, and the Ashtanga which is the subject of this article. The eight limbs denoted by the word ashtanga refer specifically to the eight spiritual practices outlined by the sage Patanjali in the Yoga Sutra. It should be noted that practitioners of most modern day schools of Hatha Yoga, including Pattabi Jois, draw from Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and thus practice ashtanga yoga. To avoid this confusion many yoga practitioners have taken to referring to Jois's system as Pattabi Jois's Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga. Contents 1 History and legend 2 Vinyasa method 3 Higher level practices within Hatha 3.1 Bandhas 3.2 Drishtis 3.3 Mantras 4 Modern culture 5 References 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 External links History and legend The Ashtanga Vinyasa series is said to have its origin in an ancient text called the Yoga Korunta, compiled by Vamana Rishi, which Krishnamacharya received from his Guru Rama Mohan Brahmachari at Mount Kailash. In addition, there is also evidence that the Ashtanga Vinyasa series incorporates exercises used by Indian wrestlers and British gymnastics.2 Krishnamacharya has had considerable influence on many of the modern forms of yoga taught today. Among his students were many notable present-day teachers such as B.K.S. Iyengar, Indra Devi, his son T.K.V. Desikachar, his grandson Kausthub Desikachar, along with Sri K. Pattabhi Jois. Krishnamacharya was well known for tailoring his teachings to address specific concerns of the person or group he was teachingcitation needed, and a vinyasa series for adolescents is a result of thiscitation needed. When working under the convalescing Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnamacharya set up a shala, or yoga school in the palace grounds and adapted the practice outlined in the Yoga Korunta for the young boys who lived therecitation needed. Vinyasa has since been thought of as a physically demanding practice, which can be successful at channeling the hyperactivity of young minds. This system can also be used as a vessel for helping calm ongoing chatter of the mind, reducing stress and teaching extroverted personalities to redirect their attention to their internal experience. Vinyasa method This style of yoga is characterized by a focus on viá¹…yÄ?sa, or a dynamic connecting posture, that creates a flow between the more static traditional yoga postures. Vinyasa translates as linking and the system also implies the linking of the movement to the breath. Essentially the breath dictates the movement and the length of time held in the postures. Unlike some Hatha yoga styles, attention is also placed on the journey between the postures not just the postures themselves. The viá¹…yÄ?sa 'flow' is a variant of SÅ«rya namaskÄ?ra, the Sun Salutation. The whole practice is defined by six specific series of postures, always done in the same order, combined with specific breathing patterns ujjÄ?yÄ« breathing. A standard viá¹…yÄ?sa consists of the flow from caturaá¹…ga, or plank, to caturaá¹…ga daṇá¸?Ä?sana, or low plank, to Å«rdhva mukha Å›vÄ?nÄ?sana or upward-facing dog, to Adho Mukha Svanasana, or downward-facing dog. The purpose of viá¹…yÄ?sa is to create heat in the body, which leads to purification of the body through increased circulation and sweating. It also improves flexibility, as well as tendon and hard tissue strength, allowing the student to practice advanced Ä?sanas with reduced risk of injury. There are six series altogether. Each sequence typically begins with 10 Sun Salutations and the standing poses. This is referred to as the opening sequence. The student then moves to either the Primary, Intermediate, Advanced A, B, C, or D, depending on his or her skill level, a back-bending sequence, finally closing with a set of inverted postures, referred to as the finishing sequence. Ashtanga Yoga is traditionally taught in Mysore style supervised self practice, where each student moves through the practice at his or her own pace and level. In the West, it is more common to find classes devoted to a specific series, and guided by an instructor. Higher level practices within Hatha Bandhas There are three bandhas which are considered our internal body locks, prescribed in the different postures. The bandha is a sustained contraction of a group of muscles that assists the practitioner not only in retaining a pose but also in moving in and out of it. The MÅ«la Bandha, or root lock, is performed by tightening the muscles around the pelvic and perineum area. The Uá¸?á¸?Ä«yÄ?na Bandha, often described as bringing the navel to the base of the spine, is a contraction of the muscles of the lower abdominal area - this bandha is considered the most important bandha as it supports our breathing and encourages the development of strong core muscles. JÄ?laá¹…dhara Bandha, throat lock, is achieved by lowering the chin slightly while raising the sternum and the palate bringing the gaze to the tip of the nose. Drishtis Drishti dṛṣá¹i, or focused gaze, is a means for developing concentrated intention. The most common is Ūrdhva, or upward gazing, where the eyes are lifted, with the spine aligned from crown to tailbone. This technique is employed in a variety of postures. There are, in total, nine drishtis that instruct the yoga student in directing his or her gaze. Each pose is associated with a particular drishti. They include: Aá¹…guá¹£á¹ha madhyai: to the thumb BhrÅ«madhya: to the third eye, or between the eyebrows NÄ?sÄ?grai: at the tip of the nose or a point six inches from the tip Hastagrai: to the palm, usually the extended hand PÄ?rÅ›va: to the left/right side Ūrdhva: to the sky, or upwards NÄ?bhicakra: to the navel PÄ?dayoragrai: to the toes Mantras The Ashtanga practice is traditionally started with the following Sanskrit mantra: vande gurūṇÄ?á¹? caraṇÄ?ravinde saá¹?darÅ›itasvÄ?tmasukhÄ?vabodhe niḥ Å›reyase jÄ?ṅ̇galikÄ?yamÄ?ne saá¹?sÄ?ra hÄ?lÄ?hala mohaÅ›Ä?ntyai Ä?bÄ?hu puruá¹£Ä?kÄ?raá¹? Å›aṅ̇khacakrÄ?si dhÄ?riṇam sahasra Å›irasaá¹? Å›vetam praṇamÄ?mi patañjalim which is roughly translated into English as: I bow to the lotus feet of the gurus, The awakening happiness of ones own self revealed, Beyond better, acting like the jungle physician, Pacifying delusion, the poison of samsara. Taking the form of a man to the shoulders, Holding a conch, a discus, and a sword, One thousand heads white, To Patanjali, I salute. and closes with the mangala mantra: svasti prajabyah paripalayantam nyayena margena mahim mahishah gobrahmanebyah shubamashtu nityam lokasamasta sukhinobavantu which is roughly translated into English as: May prosperity be glorified - may rulers, administrators rule the world with law and justice may divinity and erudition be protected May all beings be happy and prosperous. A more literal translation: May the welfare of citizens be protected, with the path of law and justice by rulers and administrators; May good fortune befall cows and scholars everyday May all the worlds be happy and comfortable. Although many practitioners assert that this yoga was devised by Jois from reading the Yoga Koruntacitation needed, no one aside from Krishnamacharya and Jois has ever seen this textcitation needed and Jois himself has occasionally dismissed the story as untruecitation needed. A far more likely explanation for Ashtanga's creation is that Jois was asked to devise a yoga sequence for children and adolescentscitation needed, whom he had been asked to teach by his guru. Noticing that their attention spans were short, particularly for poses held for any length of time, and that introspection was not one of their strengths, Jois began to formulate a style of yoga that would cater to the youths' natural vigor and flexibility, while minimizing aspects they found tedious. And so he devised a new form of surya namaskaracitation needed with athletic jumps and challenging push ups, and a series of poses -- none of which would be held for more than five breaths with the exception of shoulder and headstand -- that were visually exciting, and physically demanding. The poses were sequenced to be performed without interruption, and the sequences were designed with young, flexible bodies in mindcitation needed. Modern culture The practice of Yoga asana has been popularized by the entertainer Madonna, who is a student of the Vinyasa style. British musician Sting, a Kundalini and Tantric Yoga devotee, has also contributed to the popularization of Yoga practice in the West. One of the more popular Yoga practice video features actress Ali McGraw, also a long-time practitioner. The mantra referenced above was made famous in Western culture by Madonna's use of it in her song Shanti/Ashtangi. References ^ Sjnom, N.E. 1999, The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace 2nd ed., Abhinav Publications, ISBN 8170173892 ^ Cushman, Anne. New Light on Yoga. Yoga Journal. Further reading Sri K. Pattabhi Jois 2002. Yoga Mala. 3rd ion. Patanjali Yoga Shala, New York. Sri K. Pattabhi Jois 2005. SÅ«ryanamaskÄ?ra. Ashtanga Yoga, New York. Gregor Maehle 2006. Ashtanga Yoga: Practice and Philosophy. Kaivalya Publications. Lino Miele 1994. Ashtanga Yoga: Including the Benefits of Yoga Chikitsa. AYRI. John C. Scott 2001. Ashtanga Yoga: The definitive Step-by-Step Guide to Dynamic Yoga. Crown Pub. David Swenson 1999. Ashtanga Yoga: The Practice Manual. Ashtanga Yoga Productions, Austin, Texas. See also Yoga ashtanga Raja Yoga Hinduism Patanjali Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Sri K. Pattabhi Jois External links Eight fold path of Ashtanga yoga Ashtanga Yoga Shala Berlin Ashtanga yoga holidays, classes in Cardiff area, private classes and yoga at work Ashtanga Yoga Palace in Berlin with Andreas Schnittger Official website of Pattabhi Jois's Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute AshtangaYoga.info - Primary, Intermediate, Advanced A and B series with photos and details for Vinyasa RateYoga.com - User rated list of Yoga resources Lists and photos of asanas in the various ashtanga yoga series Patanjali's Eight Limbed Yoga Intro to Ashtanga Yoga inc Diet News about Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga Hatha Info Astanga Yoga Workshops in Oxford, UK Astanga Yoga Workshops in Zagreb, Croatia Website with additional information in English and German 1 2 v d e Yoga Classic Yogas Bhakti yoga · Karma Yoga · Jnana Yoga · Raja Yoga Other Yogas Agni Yoga · Anahata Yoga · Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga · Dream Yoga · Hatha yoga · Integral yoga · Kriya yoga · Kundalini yoga · Natya Yoga · Six Yogas of Naropa Tummo · Sahaja Yoga · Surat Shabd Yoga · Viniyoga · Yantra Yoga · Yoga Nidra Texts Bhagavad Gita · Yoga Sutras · Hatha Yoga Pradipika · Gheranda Samhita · Shiva Samhita Raja Yoga limbs Yama · Niyama · Asana · Pranayama · Pratyahara · Dharana · Dhyana · Samadhi Lists Yoga schools and their gurus · Hatha yoga postures Related topics Ayurveda · Chakra · Mantra · Tantra · Vedanta · Yoga as exercise or alternative medicine · Nadi Category Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Ashtanga_Vinyasa_Yoga Categories: Yoga stylesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Español Français Nederlands Português Suomi This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 19:32
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