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14-September-2008 12:50:22 - Ayahuasca This entry focuses on the Ayahuasca brew; for information on the vine of the same name, see Banisteriopsis caapi January 2008 Ayahuasca pronounced ajaˈwaska in the Quechua language is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. vine, native to the Amazon Rainforest which is also called ayahuasca. The resulting drinks are pharmacologically complex and used for shamanic, folk-medicinal, and religious purposes. Occidental ethno-biologists report that a variety of 200-300 plants are used in the different brews made by the Ayahuasceras. It is an open question whether Ayahuasca should be regarded as one particular shamanic medicinal brew, or whether it should be regarded as an entire medicinal tradition specific to the Amazonas. Contents 1 Preparation 2 Names 3 Usage 3.1 Introduction to the West 3.2 Ayahuasca tourism 3.3 Initiation 4 Modern descriptions 4.1 Related phenomena 5 Plant constituents 5.1 Traditional 5.2 Western Ayahuasca analogs 6 Legal status 7 See also 8 External links 8.1 Ayahuasca churches 8.2 Law 8.3 Other 9 Literature 9.1 Nonfiction 9.2 Fiction 10 Filmography 10.1 Documentaries 10.2 Fiction films 11 References Preparation Ayahuasca being prepared in the Napo region of Ecuador. Ayahuasca being prepared in the Napo region of Ecuador. Freshly harvested caapi vine ready for preparation Freshly harvested caapi vine ready for preparation Sections of vine are macerated and boiled alone or with leaves from any of a large number of other plants, including Psychotria viridis chakruna in Quechua or Diplopterys cabrerana also known as chaliponga. The resulting brew contains MAO inhibiting harmala alkaloids and the powerful hallucinogenic alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine DMT, a psychedelic which is active orally only when combined with an MAOI. Harmala alkaloids in Banisteriopsis caapi serve as MAOIs in Ayahuasca. Following that the Ayahuasca tradition has met other shamanic plant-medicine cultures in a globalised world the brews sometimes substitute plant sources such as Syrian Rue or other harmala-containing plants in lieu of the Banisteriopsis caapi vine, but the vine itself is always central to traditional usage. Banisteriopsis caapi preparation Banisteriopsis caapi preparation Beaten caapi ready for boiling Beaten caapi ready for boiling Caapi cooking over an open fire Caapi cooking over an open fire Brews are also made with no DMT-containing plants; sometimes they are made with plants such as Justicia pectoralis, Brugmansia and sometimes made with no plants other than the ayahuasca vine itself. Tobacco is a common additive in traditional brews. The potency of this brew varies radically from one batch to the next, both in strength and psychoactive effect, based mainly on the skill of the shaman or brewer, as well as other admixtures sometimes added. Natural variations in plant alkaloid content and profiles also affect the final concentration of alkaloids in the brew, and the physical act of cooking may also serve to modify the alkaloid profile of harmala alkaloids.12 Individual polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450-2D6 enzyme affects the ability of individuals to metabolize harmine.3 Some natural tolerance to the regular use of Ayahuasca say, once weekly may be seen as an upregulation of the serotonergic system.4 A phase 1 pharmacokinetic study on Ayahuasca as Hoasca with 15 volunteers was conducted in 1993, during the Hoasca Project.5 A review of the Hoasca Project has been published.6 Names caapi, cipó, hoasca or daime in Brazil yagé or yajé both pronounced Ê?aˈhe in Colombia; popularized in English by the beat generation writers William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg in The Yage Letters. ayahuasca or ayawaska in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, also to a lesser extent in Brazil vine of the dead or vine of souls: in Quechua, aya means spirit, ancestor, or dead person, while waska means vine or rope. The name is properly that of the plant B. caapi, one of the primary sources of beta-carbolines for the brew. natem amongst the indigenous Shuar people of Peru. The spelling ayahuasca is the hispanicized version of the name; many Quechua or Aymara speakers would prefer the spelling ayawaska. In the central Andeans of Perú, Ayacwasca means: Ayac spirit or dead and Wasca vine, cord or rope Harmine compounds are of beta-carboline origin. The three most studied beta-carboline compounds found in the B. caapi vine are harmine, harmaline and tetrahydraharmine. These compounds block MAO A and MAO B. This inhibition allows DMT to diffuse past the membranes in the stomach and small intestine and eventually get through the blood-brain barrier. Without the MAOIs, DMT would be metabolized and would not have an effect when taken orally. Usage Urarina shaman, 1988 Urarina shaman, 1988 Ayahuasca is used largely as a religious sacrament, no matter which culture it is associated with. Those whose usage of ayahuasca is performed in non-traditional contexts often align themselves with the philosophies and cosmologies associated with ayahuasca shamanism, as practiced among indigenous peoples like the Urarina of Peruvian Amazonia. The religion Santo Daime uses it. While non-native users know of the spiritual applications of ayahuasca, a less well-known traditional usage focuses on the medicinal properties of ayahuasca. Its purgative properties are highly important many refer to it as la Purga, the purge. The intense vomiting and occasional diarrhea it induces can clear the body of worms and other tropical parasites,7 and harmala alkaloids themselves have been shown to be anthelmintic8 Thus, this action is twofold; a direct action on the parasites by these harmala alkaloids particularly harmine in ayahuasca works to kill the parasites, and parasites are expelled through the increased intestinal motility that is caused by these alkaloids. Dietary taboos are almost always associated with the use of Ayahuasca; in the rainforest, these tend towards the purification of one's self - abstaining from spicy and heavily seasoned foods, fat, salt, caffeine, acidic foods such as citrus and sex before, after, or both before and after a ceremony. A diet low in foods containing tyramine has been recommended, as the speculative interaction of tyramine and MAOIs could lead to a hypertensive crisis. However, evidence indicates that harmala alkaloids act only on MAO-A, in a reversible way similar to moclobemide an antidepressive that does not require dietary restrictions. Psychonautic experiments and absence of diet restrictions in the highly urban Brazilian ayahuasca church União do Vegetal also suggest that the risk is much lower than conceived, and probably non-existent.9 Today, the name 'ayahuasca' can mean a variety of botanical concoctions containing one or more MAOIs and DMT or one of its chemical analogues. The synthetic pharmahuasca is sometimes called ayahuasca as well. In this usage, the DMT is generally considered the main psychoactive active ingredient, while the MAOI merely preserves the psychoactivity of orally ingested DMT, which would otherwise be destroyed in the gut before it could be absorbed in the body. Most ayahuasqueros and others working with the brew claim the B. caapi vine to be the defining ingredient; according to them, it is not ayahuasca unless B. caapi is in the brew. The vine is considered to be the spirit of ayahuasca, the gatekeeper and guide to the otherworldly realms. In some areas, it is even said that the chakruna or chaliponga admixtures are added only to make the brew taste sweeter. This is a strong indicator of the often wildly divergent intentions and cultural differences between the native ayahuasca-using cultures and psychedelics enthusiasts in other countries. In modern Europe and North America, ayahuasca analogues are often prepared using non-traditional plants which contain the same alkaloids. For example, seeds of the Syrian rue plant are often used as a substitute for the ayawaska vine, and the DMT-rich Mimosa hostilis is used in place of chakruna. Australia has several indigenous plants which are popular among modern ayahuasqueros there, such as various DMT-rich species of Acacia. Ayahuasca cooking in the Napo region of Ecuador. Ayahuasca cooking in the Napo region of Ecuador. In modern Western culture, entheogen users sometimes base concoctions on Ayahuasca. When doing so, most often Rue or B. caapi are used with an alternative form of the DMT molecule, such as psilocin, or a non-DMT based hallucinogen such as mescaline. Nicknames such as Psilohuasca, Mush-rue-asca, or 'Shroom-a-huasca, for mushroom based mixtures, or Pedrohuasca from the San Pedro Cactus, which contains mescaline are often given to such brews. Such nicknames are by many considered inappropriate and culturally insensitive seeing as huasca means vine and none of the above are vines, nor do the psychedelic experimentalist trappings of such concoctions bear any resemblance to the medicinal use of Ayahuasca in its original cultural context. This is usually only done by experienced entheogen users who are more familiar with the chemicals and plants being used, as the uninformed combination of various neuro-chemicals can be dangerous. It seems unlikely that Ayahuasca could ever emerge as a street-drug, given the difficulty of making the tea and the intense experience it provides. Most Western users employ it almost exclusively for spiritual purposes, in line with both traditional, animist usage and organized churches such as the União do Vegetal or UDV. With the exception of UDV, a diet is almost always followed before use, including a day of fasting. In traditional settings, the dieta is followed to spiritually cleanse the body before and after the experience. Introduction to the West Ayahuasca is mentioned in the writings of some of the earliest missionaries to South America, but it only became commonly known in the West much later.specify The early missionary reports generally claim it as demonic, and great efforts were made by the Roman Catholic Church to stamp it out. When originally researched in the 20th century, the active chemical constituent of B. caapi was called telepathine, however it was found to be identical to a chemical already isolated from Peganum harmala and was given the name harmaline. William Burroughs sought yagé still considered to be telepathine in the 1950s while traveling through South America in the hopes that it could relieve or cure opiate addiction. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg first introduced Ayahuasca to the West through the publication of The Yage Letters 1963. Burroughs and Ginsberg's letters influenced Terence and Dennis McKenna to journey to the rainforest to search for Ayahuasca. Ayahuasca became known more widely when the McKennas published their experience in the Amazon as the Invisible Landscape. Dennis later studied the pharmacology, botany, and chemistry of ayahuasca and oo-koo-he, and became the subject of his master's thesis. In Brazil, a number of modern religious movements based on the use of ayahuasca have emerged, the most famous of them being Santo Daime and the União do Vegetal or UDV, usually in an animistic context that may be shamanistic or, more often as with Santo Daime and the UDV, integrated with Christianity. Both Santo Daime and União do Vegetal now have members and churches throughout the world. Similarly, the US and Europe have started to see new religious groups develop in relation to increased ayahuasca use. PaDeva, an American Wiccan group, has become the first incorporated legal church which holds the use of ayahuasca central to their beliefs. Some Westerners have teamed up with shamans in the Amazon rainforest regions, forming Ayahuasca healing retreats that claim to be able to cure mental and physical illness and allow communication with the spirit world. Anecdotal reports and scientific studies affirm that ritualized use of ayahuasca may improve mental and physical health,10 but it is thought to be a potential risk for a psychotic outbreaks in susceptible individuals, although no supporting scientific research data is available. Several notable celebrities have publicly discussed their use of ayahuasca, including Sting, Tori Amos, and Paul Simon who wrote the song Spirit Voices about his experience with the brew in the Amazon. Recent years have seen notable media attention to the position of the UDV church in the United States. After having their importation and use of Hoasca tea challenged by the U.S. Department of Justice, and then having the issue settled in their favor by the U.S. Supreme Court, the church gained some notoriety. This mirrors in some ways the experiences of UDV and Santo Daime churches in Europe, where legal authorities have taken interest in their activities in France, Germany, Holland and Spain. Holland was an early Western context for the spread of ayahuasca use. Supporting a large Brazilian population, Santo Daime members in particular made efforts to spread the philosophy of ritualized ayahuasca use. In the mid-to-late 1990s one group, the Amsterdam-based Friends of the Forest, was formed by Santo Daime members to introduce ayahuasca to Europeans and others with allergies to Christianity. They did this by introducing New Age rituals incorporating basic ritual structure, celebrating with songs in the Daime tradition Portuguese waltzes, English language songs, ambient music and mantras and kirtan. They existed at least until the Dutch authorities raided a Santo Daime ritual in progress, and other ayahuasca-oriented groups sensed that an obvious public profile was not in their best interest. Amsterdam is also among the few cities in Europe where one can find, in addition to Cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms and peyote, ayahuasca vine, chacruna leaves, and plants for ayahuasca analogues in the tradition of Jonathan Ott's so-called ayahuasca borealis. Ayahuasca tourism Ayahuasca tourist is a pejorative term implying a Westerner wanting a taste of an exotic ritual or who go on modified services geared specifically towards Westerners. Some seek to clear emotional blocks and gain a sense of peace. Other participants include explorers of consciousness, writers, medical doctors, journalists, anthropologists and ethnobotanists. Ayahuasca is popularly known as 'Grandmother'. Ayahuasca tourism is greatest in Peru, and attracts visitors from all over the world, especially from Europe, USA and Australia, but also from other Latin American countries like Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. Initiation Usually a visitor who wishes to become a dietero or dietera that is, a male or female apprentice-shaman learning the way of the teacher plants undergoes a rigorous initiation. This can involve spending up to a year and more in the jungle. This initiation challenges and trains the initiate through extreme circumstances covering isolation, deprivation from utilities available in civilization and its conveniences, enduring radical weather of heavy rains, storms, intense heat, insects and solitude.citation needed Modern descriptions Wade Davis author of The Serpent and The Rainbow non-fiction1112 describes the traditional mixture as tough in his book One River: The smell and acrid taste was that of the entire jungle ground up and mixed with bile. p.194 Writer Kira Salak describes her personal experiences with ayahuasca in the March 2006 issue of National Geographic Adventure magazine. The article includes a candid description of how ayahuasca cured her depression, as well as provides detailed information about the brew. Here is an excerpt from the article about Dr. Charles Grob's landmark findings13: The taking of ayahuasca has been associated with a long list of documented cures: the disappearance of everything from metastasized colorectal cancer to cocaine addiction, even after just a ceremony or two. It has been medically proven to be nonaddictive and safe to ingest. Yet Western scientists have all but ignored it for decades, reluctant to risk their careers by researching a substance containing the outlawed DMT. Only in the past decade, and then only by a handful of researchers, has ayahuasca begun to be studied. At the vanguard of this research is Charles Grob, M.D., a professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at UCLA's School of Medicine. In 1993 Dr. Grob directed the Hoasca Project, the first in-depth study of the physical and psychological effects of ayahuasca on humans. He and his team went to Brazil, where the plant mixture can be taken legally, to study members of a church, the União do Vegetal UDV, who use ayahuasca as a sacrament, and compared them to a control group that had never ingested the substance. The studies found that all the ayahuasca-using UDV members had experienced remission without recurrence of their addictions, depression, or anxiety disorders. Unlike most common anti-depressants, which Grob says can create such high levels of serotonin that cells may actually compensate by losing many of their serotonin receptors, the Hoasca Project showed that ayahuasca strongly enhances the body's ability to absorb the serotonin that's naturally there 4. 'Ayahuasca is perhaps a far more sophisticated and effective way to treat depression than SSRIs antidepressant drugs,' Grob concludes, adding that the use of SSRIs is 'a rather crude way' of doing it. And ayahuasca, he insists, has great potential as a long-term solution in maintaining abstinence. Chilean novelist Isabel Allende told The Sunday Telegraph in London that she once took the drug in an attempt to punch through writer's block14. The paper wrote: But after forcing down the foul-tasting brew, she was catapulted to a place so dark her husband feared he had 'lost his wife to the world of spirits'. Her life flashed before her as the hallucinogen took hold. She faced demons, saw herself as a terrified four-year-old and curled up on the floor, shivering, retching and muttering for two days. 'I think I went through an experience of death at a certain point, when I was no longer a body or a soul or a spirit or anything,' Allende says matter-of-factly. 'There was just a total, absolute void that you cannot even describe because you are not. And I think that's death.' Nevertheless, the process proved transformative. Allende emerged aching but lucid and was able to complete a trilogy she was writing, now being adapted for film by the co-producers of The Chronicles of Narnia. Related phenomena There have been reports that a similar phenomenon to Folie à deux had been induced most recently by anthropologists in the South American rainforest consuming ayahuasca 15 and by military experiments for chemical warfare in the late 60's using the incapacitating agent BZ. In both incidents there were very rare claims of shared visual hallucinations. Plant constituents Traditional Traditional Ayahuasca brews are always made with Banisteriopsis caapi as an MAOI, although DMT sources and other admixtures vary from region to region. There are several varieties of caapi, often known as different colors, with varying effects, potencies, and uses. DMT admixtures: Psychotria viridis Chakruna - leaves Diplopterys cabrerana Chaliponga, Banisteriopsis rusbyana - leaves Psychotria carthagensis Amyruca - leaves Other common admixtures: Justicia pectoralis Brugmansia Toé Nicotiana rustica Mapacho, variety of tobacco Ilex guayusa, a relative of yerba mate Western Ayahuasca analogs Although traditional plant materials are often used, sources with similar chemical constituents are often substituted for the traditional ingredients. MAOI: Harmal Peganum harmala, Syrian Rue - seeds Passion flower synthetic MAOIs DMT admixture sources: Acacia maidenii Maiden's Wattle, Acacia phlebophylla, and other Acacias, most commonly employed in Australia - bark Anadenanthera peregrina, A. colubrina, A. excelsa, A. macrocarpa Mimosa hostilis Jurema - root bark - not traditionally employed with ayahuasca by any existing cultures, though likely it was in the past. Popular in Europe and North America. Legal status Internationally, DMT is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances notes, however, that the plant itself is excluded from international control:16 The cultivation of plants from which psychotropic substances are obtained is not controlled by the Vienna Convention. . . . Neither the crown fruit, mescal button of the Peyote cactus nor the roots of the plant Mimosa hostilis nor Psilocybe mushrooms themselves are included in Schedule 1, but only their respective principles, mescaline, DMT and psilocin. A fax from the Secretary of the International Narcotics Control Board to the Netherlands Ministry of Public Health sent in 2001 goes on to state that Consequently, preparations e.g.decoctions made of these plants, including ayahuasca, are not under international control and, therefore, not subject to any of the articles of the 1971 Convention.17 The legal status in the United States of DMT-containing plants are somewhat questionable. Ayahuasca plants and preparations are legal as they contain no scheduled chemicals. However, brews made using DMT containing plants are illegal since DMT is a Schedule I drug. That said, some people are challenging this, using arguments similar to those used by peyotist religious sects, such as the Native American Church. A court case allowing União do Vegetal to use the tea for religious purposes in the United States, Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court on November 1, 2005; the decision, released February 21, 2006, allows the UDV to use the tea in its ceremonies pursuant to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Religious use in Brazil was legalized after two official inquiries into the tea in the mid-1980s, which concluded that ayahuasca is not a recreational drug and has valid spiritual uses.18 In France, Santo Daime won a court case allowing them to use the tea in early 2005; however, they were not allowed an exception for religious purposes, but rather for the simple reason that they did not perform chemical extractions to end up with pure DMT and harmala and the plants used were not scheduled. Four months after the court victory, the common ingredients of Ayahuasca as well as harmala were declared stupéfiants, or narcotic schedule I substances, making the tea and its ingredients illegal to use or possess.citation needed See19 and20 French for more information. See also Icaros Chakapa External links Ayahuasca churches PaDeva Church Santo Daime English Soga del Alma União do Vegetal English Law Justices Take Issue With Ban Of Religious Tea Tea Case Could Cause Religious Liberty Tempest backgrounder w/sources Other Informational and Experiential Conferences A general introduction to Ayahuasca botany, usage, chemistry, news etc. M. Goldberg, E. Mosquera, R. Arawanza, and E. Rodriguez, Ethnobotany and Bioactivity of Ayahuasca General resource for ayahuasca and many other psychotropic substances erowid.org National Geographic Adventure article on ayahuasca Ayahuasca and other plant teachers-educational potential? Lila : Shamanism and Ayahuasca Library The Globalization of Ayahuasca: Harm Reduction or Benefit Maximization? International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 19, no. 4, 2008 Ayahuasca Healing Beyond the Amazon: The Globalization of a Traditional Indigenous Entheogenic Practice Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs in press Literature Nonfiction Adelaars, Arno. Ayahuasca. Rituale, Zaubertränke und visionäre Kunst aus Amazonien, ISBN 978-3-03800-270-3 William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg Ginsberg, Allen. The Yage Letters. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1963. ISBN 0-87286-004-3 Marlene Dobkin De Rios. Visionary Vine: Hallucinogenic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon, 2nd ed.. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1984. ISBN 0-88133-093-0 Marlene Dobkin de Rios Roger Rumrrill. A Hallucinogenic Tea, Laced with Controversy: Ayahuasca in the Amazon and the United States. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008. ISBN 97-0-313-34542-5 Graham Hancock, Supernatural: Meetings with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. London: Century, 2005. ISBN-10: 1844136817 1 Ross Heaven and Howard G. Charing. 'Plant Spirit Shamanism: Traditional Techniques for Healing the Soul'. Vermont: Destiny Books, 2006. ISBN 1-59477-118-9 Bruce F. Lamb. Rio Tigre and Beyond: The Amazon Jungle Medicine of Manuel Córdova. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1985. ISBN 0-938190-59-8 Luis Eduardo Luna. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist Wiksell International, 1986. ISBN 91-22-00819-5 Luis Eduardo Luna Pablo Amaringo. Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of A Peruvian Shaman. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1999. ISBN 1-55643-311-5 Luis Eduardo Luna Stephen F. White, eds. Ayahuasca Reader: Encounters with the Amazon's Sacred Vine. Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic, 2000. ISBN 0-907791-32-8 E. Jean Matteson Langdon Gerhard Baer, eds. Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8263-1345-0 Terence McKenna. Food of the Gods: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. Ralph Metzner, ed. Ayahuasca: Hallucinogens, Consciousness, and the Spirit of Nature. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1999. ISBN 1-56025-160-3 Jeremy Narby. The Cosmic Serpent: DNA and the Origins of Knowledge. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 1998. ISBN 0-87477-911-1 P. J. O'Rourke, All the Trouble in the World. New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994. ISBN 0-87113-611-2 Jonathan Ott. Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens. Kennewick, Wash.: Natural Products, 1994. ISBN 0-9614234-5-5 John Perkins. The World Is As You Dream It: Shamanic Teachings from the Amazon and Andes. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 1994. ISBN 0-89281-459-42 Daniel Pinchbeck. Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism. New York: Broadway, 2002. ISBN 0-7679-0743-43 Alex Polari de Alverga. Forest of Visions: Ayahuasca, Amazonian Spirituality, and the Santo Daime Tradition. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 1999. ISBN 0-89281-716-X Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff. The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-87722-038-7 Richard Evans Schultes Robert F. Raffauf. Vine of the Soul: Medicine Men, Their Plants and Rituals in the Colombian Amazonia. Oracle, AZ: Synergetic, 1992. ISBN 0-907791-24-7 Benny Shanon. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-925293-9 Peter G. Stafford. Heavenly Highs: Ayahuasca, Kava-Kava, Dmt, and Other Plants of the Gods. Berkeley: Ronin, 2004. ISBN 1-57951-069-8 Rick Strassman. DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2001. ISBN 0-89281-927-8 Michael Taussig. Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0-226-79012-6 Joan Parisi Wilcox 2003. Ayahuasca: The Visionary and Healing Powers of the Vine of the Soul. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street. ISBN 0-89281-131-5 Jaya Bear Amazon Magic: The Life Story of Ayahuasquero Shaman Don Agustin Rivas Vasquez. Libros Colibri January 2000. ISBN-10: 0967425506. ISBN-13: 978-096742550 Fiction Bruce Balfour Prometheus Road, ISBN 0-441-01221-3 Filmography Documentaries Alistair Appleton, The Man Who Drank the Universe, 30 minutes 2005 Dean Jefferys; Shamans of the Amazon, 52 min. Australia 2001 Jan Kounen, Autres mondes Glenn Switkes, Night of the Liana, 45 min. Brazil 2002 Armand BERNADI, L'Ayahuasca, le Serpent et Moi, 52 min. France 2003 Anna Stevens, Woven Songs of the Amazon, 54 min. 2006 Fiction films Jan Kounen, Blueberry l'expérience secrète, 124 minutes References ^ Callaway JC 2005. Various alkaloid profiles in decoctions of Banisteriopsis caapi. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 372: 151-155 ^ Callaway JC, Brito GS Neves ES 2005. Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 372: 145-150. ^ Callaway JC 2005. Fast and slow metabolizers of hoasca. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 372: 157-161. ^ Callaway JC, Airaksinen MM, McKenna DJ, Brito GS Grob CS 1994. Platelet serotonin uptake sites increased in drinkers of ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology 1163: 385-387. ^ Callaway JC, McKenna DJ, Grob CS, Brito GS, Raymon LP, Poland RE, Andrade EN, Andrade EO 1999. Pharmacology of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 653: 243-256. ^ McKenna DJ, Callaway JC, Grob CS 1998. The scientific investigation of ayahuasca: A review of past and current research. The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research 1: 65-77. ^ Andritzky, W. 1989. Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 211, 77-89. ^ Hassan, I. 1967. Some folk uses of Peganum harmala in India and Pakistan. Economic Botany 21: 384. ^ Ott, J. Jonathan Ott. Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangaean Entheogens. Kennewick, WA: Natural Books, 1994. ^ See research by Doctor John Halpern in New Scientist ^ There is a 1988 American horror film, directed by Wes Craven and starring Bill Pullman. And the film is very loosely based on a non-fiction book by ethnobotanist Wade Davis. Statement by Mr. Davis: ''Davis has frequently voiced his displeasure with the final film. When I wrote my first book, 'The Serpent and the Rainbow', it was made into one of the worst Hollywood movies in history. I tried to escape the hysteria and the media by going to Borneo. ^ http://www.ed.psu.edu/icik/2004Proceedings/section7-davis.pdf ^ Grob CS, McKenna DJ, Callaway JC, Brito GS, Neves ES, Oberlander G, Saide OL, Labigalini E, Tacla C, Miranda CT, Strassman RJ, Boone KB 1996. Human psychopharmacology of Hoasca, a plant hallucinogen used in ritual context in Brasil. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1842:86-94. ^ Isabel Allende: kith and tell - Telegraph ^ Ayahuasca: Human Consciousness and the Spirits of Nature, ed by Ralph Metzner, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY ^ MAPS: DMT - UN report ^ Erowid Ayahuasca Vault : Law : UNDCP's Ayahuasca Fax, Jan 17 2001 ^ More on the legal status of ayahuasca can be found in the Erowid vault on the legality of ayahuasca. ^ Détail d'un texte ^ communiqué de presse v d e Traditional medicine East Asian Kampo | Traditional Chinese medicine | Traditional Korean medicine | Traditional Mongolian medicine | Traditional Tibetan medicine South and SE Asian Ayurveda | Siddha medicine | Unani | Jamu Indonesia | Thai traditional medicine | Sri Lankan Ayurveda Africa Muti | Sangoma | Nganga | Inyanga | Yoruba medicine Other regions Islamic medicine | Ayahuasca | Byzantine medicine | Ancient Iranian Medicine | Ancient Egyptian medicine | Ancient Greek medicine | Traditional Brazilian medicine | Bush medicine General Alternative medicine | Herbal medicine | Naturopathic medicine | Prehistoric medicine | Health care | Medieval medicine | History of alternative medicine | List of branches of alternative medicine v d e Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Harmaline Nialamide Selegiline Isocarboxazid Iproniazide Iproclozide Moclobemide Phenelzine Toloxatone Tranylcypromine v d e Psychedelic tryptamines α,N,N-TMT 2,N,N-TMT 5,N,N-TMT 4-Acetoxy-DMT 4-Acetoxy-DET 4-Acetoxy-DIPT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-α,N-trimethylenetryptamine 5-Methoxy-N-methyl-α,N-trimethylenetryptamine α-ET α-MT Baeocystin Bufotenin DBT DET DIPT DMT DPT EiPT PiPT Ethocin Ethocybin Iprocin 4-HO-MET 4-HO-MiPT MET MIPT 5-Me-MIPT 5-MeO-α-ET 5-MeO-α-MT 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DET 5-MeO-DIPT 5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-DPT 5-MeO-MET 5-MeO-MIPT 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT Miprocin Norbaeocystin Psilocin Psilocybin Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Ayahuasca Categories: Entheogens | Herbal and fungal hallucinogens | Psychedelic tryptamine carriers | AyahuascaHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2008 | Articles needing more detailed references | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2007 | Articles with statements since January 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 5 September 2008, at 07
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