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14-September-2008 12:50:23 - Bhikkhu A Buddhist Monk in Sri Lanka A Buddhist Monk in Sri Lanka A Bhikkhu PÄ?li or Bhiksu Sanskrit is a fully ordained male Buddhist monastic. Female monastics are called Bhikkhunis. Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis keep many precepts: they live by the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline, the basic rules of which are called the patimokkha. Their lifestyle is shaped so as to support their spiritual practice, to live a simple and mative life, and attain Nirvana. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Vows in Vajrayana Buddhism 2.1 Monks and nuns 2.2 Robes 2.3 Tantric vows 2.4 Other vows 2.5 Conclusion 3 Literature 4 Notes 5 See also Introduction Tibetan monks engaging in a traditional monastic debate. They employ stylized movements-hand claps, finger thrusts, and posture-to emphasize their points. Tibetan monks engaging in a traditional monastic debate. They employ stylized movements-hand claps, finger thrusts, and posture-to emphasize their points. People of the Pali Canon Pali English Community of Buddhist Disciples Monastic Sangha Bhikkhu, Bhikkuṇī SikkhamÄ?nÄ? Samaṇera, SamaṇerÄ« Monk, Nun Nun trainee Novice m., f. Laity UpÄ?saka, UpÄ?sikÄ? Gahattha, Gahapati AgÄ?rika, AgÄ?riya Lay devotee m., f. Householder Layperson Related Religions Samaṇa Ä€jÄ«vaka BrÄ?hmaṇa Nigaṇá¹ha Wanderer Ascetic Brahmin Jain ascetic This box: view talk Bhiksu may be literally translated as beggar or more broadly as one who lives by alms. It is philologically analysed in the PÄ?li commentary of Buddhaghosa as the person who sees danger in samsara or cycle of rebirth PÄ?li = Bhayaṃ ikkhatÄ«ti: bhikkhu. He therefore seeks ordination in order to release from it. The Dhammapada states: Not therefore is he a bhikkhu Merely because he begs from others. Not by adopting the outward form Does one truly become a bhikkhu. He who wholly subdues evil, Both small and great, Is called a monk bhikkhu Because he has overcome all evil. Dhp 266, 267 A bhikkhu has taken a vow to enter the Sangha Buddhist monastic community and is expected to obey rules of conduct typically around 227 for a male as set out in the Vinaya, although there are considerable local variations in the interpretations of these rules. A novice monk or nun in the Tibetan tradition takes 36 vows of conduct. The minimum age to take bhikkhu vows is 21 years although this varies from country to country. In English literature prior to the mid-20th Century, Buddhist monks were often referred to by the term bonze, particularly when describing monks from East Asia and French Indochina. This term is derived via Portuguese and French from the Japanese word bonsÅ? for a priest or monk, and has become less common in modern literature.1 Vows in Vajrayana Buddhism Although the European terms monk and nun are applied also on Buddhism, the situation of 'ordination' is more complicated. Monks and nuns In Buddhism, monkhood is part of the system of vows of individual liberation. These vows are taken by monks and nuns from the ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In Mahayana Buddhism, the term sangha is, in principle, restricted to those who have achieved certain levels of understanding. They are, therefore, called community of the excellent ones Tib. mchog kyi tshogs. These, however, need not be monks and nuns i.e.: hold such vows. The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take the five vows called approaching virtue in Tibetan genyen dge snyan. The next step is to enter the monastic way of life Tib. rabjung rab byung which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a novice or samanera Skt. shramanera, Tib. getshül dge tshul. The last and final step is to take all the vows of a fully ordained monk or gelong Tib. dge long. Gelongma dge long ma is the female term. The translation from Sanskrit is bikshuni female or bikshu male. The Pali term is bhikkhuni female or bhikkhu male, used in Theravada Buddhism Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand. Monks and nuns take their vows for a lifetime, but they can give them back up to three times in one life, a possibility which is actually used by many people. In this way, Buddhism keeps the vows clean. It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows. In Tibet, usually small children from 6 onwards can take the rabjung ordination which is a child-specific approach to monastic life. At age 14, they usually take getshül ordination which includes more rules, and after age 21, many take the gelong ordination-or prefer to quit the monastic life. Robes The special dress of ordained people, the robes, comes from the idea of wearing cheap clothes just to protect the body from weather and climate. They shall not be made from one piece of cloth, but mended together from several pieces. Since dark red was the cheapest colour in Kashmir, the Tibetan tradition has red robes. In the south, yellow played the same role, though the color of saffron also had cultural associations in India; in East Asia, robes are yellow, grey or black. The robes of getshül novices and gelong monks differ in various aspects, especially in the application of holes in the gelong dress. Some monks tear their robes into pieces and then mend these pieces together again. The rabjung novices shall not wear the chö-göö, the yellow tissue worn during Buddhist teachings by both getshüls and gelongs. In observance of the Kathina Puja, a special Kathina robe is made in 24 hours from donations by lay supporters of a temple. The robe is donated to the temple or monastery, and the resident monks then select from their own number a single monk to receive this special robe.2 Tantric vows A lay person or a monk/nun engaging in high tantric practices and achieving a certain level of realization will be called a yogi female yogini, in Tibetan naljorpa/naljorma rnal hbyor pa/ma. The yogis monks or lay observe another set of vows, the tantric vows together with the bodhisattva vows; therefore, a yogi/yogini may also dress in a special way, so that they are sometimes called the white sangha due to their often white or red/white clothes. Both ways, tantric and monastic are not mutually exclusive because they psychologically act in different ways; both are ascetic. The ordination of monks and nuns is a safe way and give a good example to the people. The tantric path is often misunderstood in the west as something unascetic, but this is clearly an error in perception; although unorthodox in appearance, tantric yoginis keep very strict ethical rules. Other vows There are still other methods of taking vows in Buddhism. Most importantly, Bodhisattva vows are to be taken by all followers of Mahayana Buddhism; these vows develop an altruistic attitude. Another centering of self method is taking strict one-day vows which are somewhat similar to monk's/nun's vows Mahayana precepts, but last only from one sunrise to another sunrise. Conclusion Ordination in Buddhism is a cluster of methods of self-discipline according to the needs, possibilities and capabilities of individuals. According to the spiritual development of his followers, the Buddha gave different levels of vows. The most advanced method is the state of a bikshuni, a fully ordained follower of the Buddha's teachings. The goal of the bhikkuni in all traditions is to achieve liberation from suffering. Beside that, the Mahayanist approach requires bodhisattva vows, and the tantric method requires tantric vows. Since some people are not attracted to monk/nun ordination, all other vows can be taken separately. On the other hand, it is said that one cannot achieve the goal without taking the vows of individual liberation-i.e., comply with the ethical disciple inscribed in these vows. Literature Inwood, Kristiaan. Bhikkhu: Disciple of the Buddha. Bangkok: Thai Watana Panich, 1981. No ISBN listed in the Library of Congress catalog. Notes ^ Dictionary.com: bonze ^ Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka, A.G.S. Kariyawasam See also Buddhism Monk Sangha Unsui World Buddhist Sangha Council v d e Buddhism topics History Timeline · Gautama Buddha · Buddhist councils · History of Buddhism in India · Decline of Buddhism in India · Ashoka the Great · Greco-Buddhism · Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Foundations Three Jewels Buddha, Dharma, Sangha · Four Noble Truths · Noble Eightfold Path · Nirvana · Middle Way Key Concepts Three Marks of Existence: Impermanence, Suffering, Not-self · Dependent Origination · Five Aggregates · Karma · Vipaka · Rebirth · Samsara · Defilements · Five Hindrances · Ten Fetters · Enlightenment Qualities · Perfections · JhÄ?na · Sense Bases · Four Great Elements · Renunciation · Bodhi · Parinirvana · Two truths doctrine · Emptiness · Bodhicitta · Bodhisattva · Buddha-nature · Bhumi · Trikaya Cosmology Ten spiritual realms · Six Realms Hell, Animal realm, Hungry Ghost realm, Asura realm, Human realm, Heaven · Three Spheres Practices Threefold Training: Morality, Concentration, Wisdom · Buddhist devotion · Taking refuge · Four Divine Abidings: Loving-kindness, Compassion, Sympathetic joy, Equanimity · Mindfulness · Merit · Puja: Offerings, Prostration, Chanting · Paritta · Generosity · Morality: Five Precepts, Eight Precepts, Ten Precepts, Bodhisattva vows, Patimokkha · Bhavana · Mation: Kammaá¹á¹hÄ?na, Recollection, Mindfulness of Breathing, Serenity mation, Insight mation, Shikantaza, Zazen, KÅ?an, Mandala, Tonglen, Tantra Attainment Types of Buddha · Bodhisattva · Four stages of enlightenment: Stream-enterer, Once-returner, Non-returner, Arahant Monasticism Monk · Nun · Novice monk · Novice nun · Anagarika · Ajahn · Sayadaw · Zen master · Roshi · Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Tulku · Householder · Lay follower · Disciple · Ngagpa Texts Tipitaka Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka, Commentaries · Mahayana sutras · Chinese Buddhist canon Tripitaka Koreana · Tibetan Buddhist canon Major Figures Gautama Buddha · SÄ?riputta · MahamoggallÄ?na · Ananda · Maha Kassapa · Buddhaghosa · Nagasena · Bodhidharma · Nagarjuna · Asanga · Padmasambhava · Dalai Lama Branches Theravada · Mahayana: Chan/Zen, Pure Land, Tendai, Nichiren, Madhyamaka, Yogacara · Vajrayana: Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon · Early Buddhist schools · Pre-sectarian Buddhism · Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana Countries Bhutan · Burma · Cambodia · China · India · Indonesia · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam · Western countries Comparative Buddhism Science · Psychology · Hinduism · Jainism · East Asian religions · Christianity · Theosophy · Gnosticism Lists Buddhists · Buddhas · Twenty-eight Buddhas · Bodhisattvas · Temples · Books · Buddhism-related topics · Terms and concepts Miscellaneous topics TathÄ?gata · Maitreya · AvalokiteÅ›vara Guan Yin · AmitÄ?bha · BrahmÄ? · MÄ?ra · Dhammapada · Visuddhimagga · Vinaya · Sutra · Abhidharma · Buddhist philosophy · Eschatology · Reality in Buddhism · God in Buddhism · Liturgical languages: Pali, Sanskrit · Dharma talk · Buddhist calendar · Kalpa · Buddhism and evolution · Buddhism and homosexuality · Fourteen unanswerable questions · Ethics · Culture · Monastic robe · Cuisine · Vegetarianism · Art · Greco-Buddhist art · Buddha statue · Budai · Symbolism Dharmacakra · Flag · Bhavacakra · Mantra Om mani padme hum · Prayer wheel · Mala · Mudra · Holidays · Vesak · Uposatha · Vassa · Architecture: Vihara, Wat, Stupa, Pagoda · Pilgrimage: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar · Bodhi tree · Mahabodhi Temple · Higher Knowledge · Supernormal Powers · Miracles of the Buddha · Physical characteristics of the Buddha · Family of the Buddha Category · Portal Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Bhikkhu Categories: Buddhist terms | Buddhist sangha | Pali words and phrases | Sanskrit words and phrases Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Deutsch Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий ไทย Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 06:19
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