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14-September-2008 12:50:23 - Bioelectromagnetism This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. Bioelectromagnetism sometimes equated with bioelectricity refers to the electrical, magnetic or electromagnetic fields produced by living cells, tissues or organisms. Examples include the cell membrane potential and the electric currents that flow in nerves and muscles, as a result of action potentials. It is not to be confused with bioelectromagnetics, which deals with the effect on life from external electromagnetism. Contents 1 Description 2 See also 3 External links 3.1 Information 3.2 Groups Description Biological cells use bioelectricity to store metabolic energy, to do work or trigger internal changes, and to signal one another. Bioelectromagnetism is the electric current produced by action potentials along with the magnetic fields they generate through the phenomenon of electromagnetism. Bioelectromagnetism is studied primarily through the techniques of electrophysiology. In the late eighteenth century, the Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani first recorded the phenomenon while dissecting a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity. Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe the phenomenon, while contemporaries labeled it galvanism. Galvani and contemporaries regarded muscle activation as resulting from an electrical fluid or substance in the nerves. Bioelectromagnetism is an aspect of all living things, including all plants and animals. Some animals have acute bioelectric sensors, and others, such as migratory birds, are believed to navigate in part by orienting with respect to the Earth's magnetic field. Also, sharks are more sensitive to local interaction in electromagnetic fields than most humans. Other animals, such as the electric eel, are able to generate large electric fields outside their bodies. In the life sciences, biomedical engineering uses concepts of circuit theory, molecular biology, pharmacology, and bioelectricity. Bioelectromagnetism is associated with biorhythms and chronobiology. Biofeedback is used in physiology and psychology to monitor rhythmic cycles of physical, mental, and emotional characteristics and as a technique for teaching the control of bioelectric functions. Bioelectromagnetism involves the interaction of ions. Bioelectromagnetism is sometimes difficult to understand because of the differing types of bioelectricity, such as brainwaves, myoelectricity e.g., heart-muscle phenomena, and other related subdivisions of the same general bioelectromagnetic phenomena. One such phenomenon is a brainwave, which neurophysiology studies, where bioelectromagnetic fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex are detectable with an electroencephalograph. This is primarily studied in the brain by way of electroencephalograms. See also Signals biology Electrophysiology Magnetobiology Electroencephalography Brain waves Membrane potential Resting potential Action potential Biorhythm Electrochemical potential Electrochemistry Electric fish Electromyography Electrocyte Neurobioengineering External links Information A short history of Bioelectromagnetism 1 Malmivuo, Jaakko, and Robert Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism, Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields. Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford. 1995. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism International Society for Bioelectromagnetism Direct and Inverse Bioelectric Field Problems Bioelectricity. Biophysics lectures. Groups Bioelectromagnetism Research Group Living State Physics Group Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Laboratory for Bioelectricity/Biomagnetism, Berlin. PSI - Bak - Human Bio-magnetism. Ragnar Granit Institute. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Bioelectromagnetism Categories: Physiology | BiophysicsHidden category: Articles lacking in-text citations Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Deutsch Español Français Português СрпÑ?ки / Srpski ไทย This page was last modified on 7 September 2008, at 05:37
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