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14-September-2008 12:50:23 - psychology Psychology Greek letter 'psi' Portal History Areas RESEARCH Abnormal Biological Cognitive Developmental Emotion Experimental Evolutionary Mathematical Neuropsychology Neuroscience Personality Positive Psychophysics Social Transpersonal APPLIED Clinical Educational Forensic Health Industrial Organizational School Sport LISTS Publications Topics Therapies view talk Neuropsychology Topics Brain-computer interface Traumatic brain injury Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Human brain Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Phrenology Common misconceptions Brain functions arousal attention consciousness decision making executive functions natural language learning memory motor coordination sensory perception planning problem solving thought People Arthur L. Benton David Bohm António Damásio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Roger W. Sperry H. M. K. C. Tests Bender-Gestalt Test Benton Visual Retention Test Clinical Dementia Rating Continuous Performance Task Glasgow Coma Scale Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical decision task Mini-mental state examination Stroop effect Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wisconsin card sorting Tools Johari Window Mind and Brain Portal This box: view talk In psychology, biological psychology, also known as biopsychology and psychobiology,1 is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior. A psychobiologist, for instance, may compare the unfamiliarimprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. Biological psychologists may often be interested in measuring some biological variable, e.g. an anatomical, physiological, or genetic variable, in an attempt to relate it quantitatively or qualitatively to a psychological or behavioral variable, and thus contribute to evidence based practice. Contents 1 History 2 Relationship to other fields of psychology and biology 3 Research methods 3.1 Disabling or decreasing neural function 3.2 Enhancing neural function 3.3 Measuring neural activity 3.4 Genetic manipulations 4 Topic areas in biological psychology 5 Nobel Laureates 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History The study of biological psychology dates back to Avicenna 980-1037 A.D., a Persian psychologist and physician who in The Canon of Medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test.2 Avicenna also gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, and he always linked the physical and psychological illnesses together. He explained that humidity inside the head can contribute to mood disorders, and he recognized that this occurs when the amount of breath changes: happiness increases the breath, which leads to increased moisture inside the brain, but if this moisture goes beyond its limits, the brain would lose control over its rationality and lead to mental disorders.3 Biological psychology as a scientific discipline later emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. In philosophy, men like Rene Descartes proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. Descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. Descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. This theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in Paris.4 Other philosophers also helped give birth to psychology. One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, The Principles of Psychology by William James 1890, argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology: Bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain-experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which Psychology need take account. The spiritualist and the associationist must both be 'cerebralists,' to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result. Our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain-physiology must be presupposed or included in Psychology.5 James, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. The emergence of both psychology and biological psychology as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from anatomy, particularly neuroanatomy. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the 18th and 19th centuries.6 The influential work of Claude Bernard, Charles Bell, and William Harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. The term psychobiology has been used in a variety of contexts, but was likely first used in its modern sense by Knight Dunlap in his book An Outline of Psychobiology 1914.7 Dunlap also founded the journal Psychobiology. In the announcement of that journal, Dunlap writes that the journal will publish research ...bearing on the interconnection of mental and physiological functions, which describes the field of biological psychology even in its modern sense.7 Relationship to other fields of psychology and biology In many cases, humans may serve as experimental subjects in biological psychology experiments; however, a great deal of the experimental literature in biological psychology comes from the study of non-human species, most frequently rats, mice, and monkeys. As a result, a critical assumption in biological psychology is that organisms share biological and behavioral similarities, enough to permit extrapolations across species. This allies biological psychology closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology. Biological psychology also has paradigmatic and methodological similarities to neuropsychology, which relies heavily on the study of the behavior of humans with nervous system dysfunction i.e., a non-experimentally based biological manipulation. Synonyms for biological psychology include biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology 8. Physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological psychology, with an appropriately more narrow definition. Research methods The distinguishing characteristic of a biological psychology experiment is that either the independent variable of the experiment is biological, or some dependent variable is biological. In other words, the nervous system of the organism under study is permanently or temporarily altered, or some aspect of the nervous system is measured usually to be related to a behavioral variable. Disabling or decreasing neural function Lesions - A classic method in which a brain-region of interest is enabled. Lesions can be placed with relatively high accuracy thanks to a variety of brain 'atlases' which provide a map of brain regions in 3-dimensional stereotactic coordinates. Electrolytic lesions - Neural tissue is destroyed through the application of electrical shock trauma. Chemical lesions - Neural tissue is destroyed by the infusion of a neurotoxin. Temporary lesions - Neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or by the use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin. Transcranial magnetic stimulation - A new technique usually used with human subjects in which a magnetic coil applied to the scalp causes unsystematic electrical activity in nearby cortical neurons which can be experimentally analyzed as a functional lesion. Psychopharmacological manipulations - A chemical receptor antagonist enduces neural activity by interfering with neurotransmission. Antagonists can be delivered systemically such as by intravenous injection or locally intracebrally during a surgical procedure. Enhancing neural function Electrical Stimulation - A classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current too small to cause significant cell death. Psychopharmacological manipulations - A chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. Agonists can be delivered systemically such as by intravenous injection or locally intracebrally during a surgical procedure. Transcranial magnetic stimulation - In some cases for example, studies of motor cortex, this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect rather than as a functional lesion . Measuring neural activity Single unit recording - The measurement of the electrical activity of one neuron, often in the context of an ongoing behavioral psychological task. Multielectrode recording - The use of a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. fMRI - Functional magnetic resonance imaging, a technique most frequently applied on human subjects, in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an MRI apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of larger scale brain regions i.e., on the order of hundreds of thousands of neurons. Electroencephalography - Or EEG; and the derivative technique of event-related potentials, in which scalp electrodes monitor the average activity of neurons in the cortex again, used most frequently with human subjects. Functional neuroanatomy - A more complex counterpart of phrenology. The expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. For example, the expression of immediate early genes is thought to be caused by vigorous neural activity. Likewise, the injection of 2-deoxyglucose prior to some behavioral task can be followed by anatomical localization of that chemical; it is taken up by neurons that are electrically active. Genetic manipulations QTL mapping - The influence of a gene in some behavior can be statistically inferred by studying inbred strains of some species, most commonly mice. The recent sequencing of the genome of many species, most notably mice, has facilitated this technique. Selective breeding - Organisms, often mice, may be bred selectively among inbred strains to create a recombinant congenic strain. This might be done to isolate an experimentally interesting stretch of DNA derived from one strain on the background genome of another strain to allow stronger inferences about the role of that stretch of DNA. Genetic engineering - The genome may also be experimentally-manipulated; for example, knockout mice can be engineered to lack a particular gene, or a gene may be expressed in a strain which does not normally do so the 'knock in'. Advanced techniques may also permit the expression or suppression of a gene to occur by injection of some regulating chemical. Topic areas in biological psychology In general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species. As a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as: Sensation and perception Motivated behavior hunger, thirst, sex Control of movement Learning and memory Sleep and biological rhythms Emotion However, with increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as: Language Reasoning and decision making Consciousness Biological psychology has also had a strong history of contributing to the understanding of medical disorders, including those that fall under the purview of clinical psychology and psychopathology also known as abnormal psychology. Although animal models for all mental illnesses do not exist, the field has contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including: Parkinson's Disease, a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech. Huntington's Disease, a rare inherited neurological disorder whose most obvious symptoms are abnormal body movements and a lack of coordination. It also affects a number of mental abilities and some aspects of personality. Alzheimer's Disease, a neurodegenerative disease that, in its most common form, is found in people over the age of 65 and is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration, together with declining activities of daily living and by neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. Clinical depression, a common psychiatric disorder, characterized by a persistent lowering of mood, loss of interest in usual activities and diminished ability to experience pleasure. Schizophrenia, a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. Autism, a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. Anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. Drug abuse, including alcoholism Nobel Laureates The following Nobel Prize winners could reasonably be considered biological psychologists. This list omits winners who were almost exclusively neuroanatomists or neurophysiologists; i.e., those that did not measure behavioral or psychological variables. Charles Sherrington 1932 Edgar Adrian 1932 Walter Hess 1949 Egas Moniz 1949 Georg von Bekesy 1961 George Wald 1967 Ragnar Granit 1967 Konrad Lorenz 1973 Niko Tinbergen 1973 Karl von Frisch 1973 Roger W. Sperry 1981 David H. Hubel 1981 Torsten N. Wiesel 1981 Eric R. Kandel 2000 Arvid Carlsson 2000 Richard Axel 2004 Linda B. Buck 2004 See also Behavioral neuroscience Biological psychiatry Biology Cognitive neuroscience Developmental psychobiology Evolutionary psychology Psychopharmacology Sociophysiology References ^ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary » Psychobiology ^ Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times, Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2002 2: 2-9 7 ^ Amber Haque 2004, Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists, Journal of Religion and Health 43 4: 357-377 366. ^ Carlson, Neil 2007. Physiology of Behavior 9th Ed.. Allyn and Bacon, 11-14. ISBN 0-205-46724-5. ^ James, William 1950/1890. The Principles of Psychology, Vol. One. Dover Publications, Inc., 4-5. ISBN 0-486-20381-6. ^ Shepard, Gordon 1991. Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506491-7. ^ a b Dewsbury, Donald 1991. Psychobiology. American Psychologist 46: 198-205. ^ S. Marc Breedlove, Mark R. Rosenzweig and Neil V. Watson 2007. Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0878937059 External links Listen to this article info/dl Play sound Spoken This audio file was created from a revision dated 2006-12-18, and does not reflect subsequent s to the article. Audio help More spoken articles This is a spoken version of the article. Click here to listen. Biological Psychology Links Biological psychology at The Psychology Wiki Theory of Biological Psychology Documents No. 9 and 10 in English v d e Psychology Portal · History · Psychologist Research Affective · Biological · Clinical · Cognitive · Cognitive neuroscience · Comparative · Critical · Cultural · Developmental · Evolutionary · Experimental · Individual differences · International · Liberation · Mathematical · Media · Medical · Neuropsychology · Performance · Personality · Physiological · Political · Positive · Psycholinguistics · Psychopathology · Psychophysics · Psychophysiology · Qualitative · Quantitative · Social · Theoretical Psi Applied Assessment · Clinical · Counseling · Educational · Forensic · Health · Industrial/organizational · Legal · Relationship counseling · School · Sport · Systems Orientations Analytical · Behaviorism · Cognitivism · Cognitive behavioral · Descriptive · Existential · Family systems · Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy · Feminist · Gestalt · Humanistic · Metapsychology · Narrative · Psychoanalysis · Psychodynamic · Transpersonal Seminal writers B.F. Skinner · Jean Piaget · Sigmund Freud · Otto Rank · Albert Bandura · Leon Festinger · Carl Rogers · Stanley Schachter · Neal E. Miller · Edward Thorndike · Abraham Maslow · Gordon Allport · Erik Erikson · Hans Eysenck · William James · David McClelland · Albert Ellis · Aaron T. Beck · Raymond Cattell · John B. Watson · Kurt Lewin · Donald O. Hebb · George A. Miller · Clark L. Hull · Jerome Kagan · Carl Jung · Ivan Pavlov Lists Topics · Counseling · Disciplines · Psychiatric drugs · Neurological disorders · Organizations · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Publications · Research methods · Schools of theory · Timeline Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Biological_psychology Categories: Spoken articles | Biopsychology | Neuropsychology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Deutsch Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Nederlands Português SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 18:58
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