Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 12:50:24 - Bronze This article is about the metal alloy. For other uses, see Bronze disambiguation. Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. Bronze is any of a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin as the main additive, but sometimes with other elements such as phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon. See table below. It was particularly significant in antiquity, giving its name to the Bronze Age. Bronze, in turn, is perhaps ultimately taken from the Persian word berenj, meaning brass.1 Contents 1 History 2 Properties 3 Musical instruments 4 Classification of copper and its alloys 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History Chinese pu vessel with interlaced dragon design, Spring and Autumn Period 722 BC-481 BC Chinese pu vessel with interlaced dragon design, Spring and Autumn Period 722 BC-481 BC Bronze was significant to any culture that encountered it. It was one of the most innovative alloys of mankind. Tools, weapons, armour, and various building materials like decorative tiles made of bronze were harder and more durable than their stone and copper Chalcolithic predecessors. In early use, the impurity arsenic sometimes created a superior alloy; this is termed arsenical bronze. The earliest tin-alloy bronzes date to the late 4th millennium BC in Susa Iran and some ancient sites in Luristan Iran and Mesopotamia Iraq. The two ores are rarely found together exceptions include one ancient site in Thailand and one in Iran, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. In Europe, the major source for tin was Great Britain's deposits of ore in Cornwall. Phoenician traders visited Great Britain to trade goods from the Merranean for tin.citation needed Ewer from 7th century Iran. Cast, chased, and inlaid bronze. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ewer from 7th century Iran. Cast, chased, and inlaid bronze. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Igbo bronze vessel with animal motif, Igbo Ukwu, Nigeria c. 9th century A.D. Igbo bronze vessel with animal motif, Igbo Ukwu, Nigeria c. 9th century A.D. Though bronze is stronger harder than wrought iron,citation needed the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age. Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, but for many purposes the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong. Archaeologists suspect that a serious disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200 - 1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Merranean and from Great Britain, limiting supplies and raising prices.2 As ironworking improved, iron became cheaper, and cultures learned out how to make steel, which is stronger than bronze and holds a sharper edge longer.3 Properties With the exception of steel, bronze is superior to iron in nearly every application. It is considerably less brittle than iron. Bronze only oxidizes superficially; once the surface oxidizes, the thin oxide layer protects the underlying metal from further corrosion. Copper-based alloys have lower melting points than steel or iron, and are more readily produced from their constituent metals. They are generally about 10 percent heavier than steel, although alloys using aluminum or silicon may be slightly less dense. Bronzes are softer and weaker than steel, e.g. bronze springs are less stiff and so store less energy for the same bulk. It resists corrosion especially seawater corrosion and metal fatigue better than steel and also conducts heat and electricity better than most steels. The cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of nickel-base alloys such as stainless steel. Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Some common examples are the high electrical conductivity of pure copper, the excellent deep-drawing qualities of cartridge case brass, the low-friction properties of bearing bronze, the resonant qualities of bell bronze, and the resistance to corrosion by sea water of several bronze alloys. In the twentieth century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form used in contemporary statuary. Aluminum is also used for the structural metal aluminum bronze. Fragment of the grave of Cyprian Kamil Norwid in the Bards' crypt in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland by sculptor CzesÅ‚aw Dźwigaj Fragment of the grave of Cyprian Kamil Norwid in the Bards' crypt in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland by sculptor CzesÅ‚aw Dźwigaj It is also widely used for cast metal sculpture see bronze sculpture. Many common bronze alloys have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling in the finest details of a mould. Bronze parts are tough and typically used for bearings, clips, electrical connectors and springs. Bronze also has very little metal-on-metal friction, which made it invaluable for the building of cannon where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel.citation needed It is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors. Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs. It is also used in guitar and piano strings. Bronze is typically 88% copper and 12% tin.4 Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4-5% tin are used to make coins, springs, turbines and blades. Commercial bronze otherwise known as brass is 90% copper and 10% zinc, and contains no tin. It is stronger than copper and it has equivalent ductility. It is used for screws and wires. Unlike steel, bronze struck against a hard surface will not generate sparks, so it along with beryllium copper is used to make hammers, mallets, wrenches and other durable tools to be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapours. Musical instruments Bronze is the most popular metal for top-quality bells, and more recently, saxophones. Nearly all professional cymbals are made from bronze. Cymbal bronze is unique in that a balance of durability and timbre is needed. In 1623, a Turkish man named Avedis, an alchemist, was attempting to form base metals into gold. Upon dropping an ingot on the ground, he was amazed at how well it rang. He was given the title Zildjian Son of Cymbal Maker by the Turkish Sultan. Today, the Avedis Zildjian Corporation is the largest maker of cymbals in the world.5 Modern cymbals consist of several types of bronze, the most common being B20 bronze, which is roughly 20% tin, 80% copper, with traces of silver. Zildjian and Sabian use this alloy for their professional lines. A Swiss Company, Paiste, uses a softer B8 bronze which is made from 8% tin and 92% copper in nearly all of their cymbals. Zildjian and Sabian use this metal too, in their budget priced cymbals. Generally speaking, as the tin content goes up, the pitch becomes lower.6 Meinl uses 16% tin 84% copper cymbals, which has a pitch roughly inbetween B8 and B20. Bronze is also used for strings of various instruments such as the piano and the guitar. Classification of copper and its alloys Family Principal alloying element UNS numbers Copper alloys, brass Zinc Zn C1xxxx-C4xxxx,C66400-C698007 Phosphor bronzes Tin Sn C5xxxx Aluminum bronzes Aluminum Al C60600-C64200 Silicon bronzes Silicon Si C64700-C66100 Copper nickel, nickel silvers Nickel Ni C7xxxx See also Aluminum bronze Brass, a subset of the copper alloys in which zinc is the principal additive Bronze medal Bronze sculpture, the use of bronze for artistic representations Bronzing, a process by which an object is coated in bronze Chinese bronze inscriptions‎, in various scripts since Shang Dynasty onward Cupronickel, an alloy used on ships Florentine bronze, an alloy which is not standardised in proportions worldwide Gunmetal, various copper-zinc-tin alloys, some including phosphorus Lost-wax casting Luristan bronze - Bronze Age artifacts recovered from areas of present day Iran Phosphor bronze, with properties useful in making corrosion-resistant springs Seagram Building, with a record 3.2 million pounds of bronze used in its façade Speculum metal, a high-tin bronze References Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bronze. ^ Online Etymological Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bronze ^ http://www.claytoncramer.com/Iron2.pdf ^ rvde002.tmp ^ Knapp, Brian. 1996 Copper, Silver and Gold. Reed Library, Australia ^ Zildjian.com - en-US ^ MEINL CYMBALS... INSPIRE: 4 IS MORE ^ Machinery's Handbook, Industrial Press Inc, New York, ISBN 0-8311-2492-X, ion 24, page 501 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Bronze 19th-century bronze sculpture sand casting Casting process explained with pictures Flash animation of lost-wax casting process Lost Wax, Found Bronze: lost-wax casting explained various bronze alloys Viking Bronze - Ancient and Early Medieval bronze casting v d e Jewellery materials Precious metals: Gold · Palladium · Platinum · Rhodium · Silver Precious metal alloys: Electrum · Rose gold · Sterling silver · White gold Base metals/alloys: Brass · Bronze · Copper · Stainless steel Mineral Gemstones: Aventurine · Agate · Alexandrite · Amethyst · Aquamarine · Carnelian · Citrine · Diamond · Emerald · Garnet · Jade · Jasper · Malachite · Lapis lazuli · Moonstone · Onyx · Opal · Peridot · Quartz · Ruby · Sapphire · Sodalite · Sunstone · Tanzanite · Tiger's Eye · Topaz Organic Gemstones: Amber · Copal · Coral · Jet · Pearl Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Bronze Categories: BronzeHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since September 2007 | Articles with statements since February 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans አማáˆáŠ› العربية Asturianu বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Чăвашла ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Frysk Gà idhlig Galego 文言 Hak-kâ-fa í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ हिनà¥?दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 07:07
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.