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14-September-2008 12:50:26 - Chakra For other uses, see Chakra disambiguation. July 2007 Part of a series on Hinduism Aum History · Deities Denominations Literature Beliefs and practices Dharma · Artha · Moksha · Karma · Samsara Yoga · Bhakti · Maya Puja · Mandir Scriptures Vedas · Upanishads Ramayana · Mahabharata Tevaram · Divya Prabandha Bhagavad Gita · Purana others Related topics Hinduism by country Gurus and saints Reforms · Ayurveda Calendar · Criticism Festivals · Glossary Jyotisha Hindu swastika This box: view talk Chakra pronunciation help·info, Pali: chakka, Tibetan: khorlo, Malay: cakera is a Sanskrit term meaning circle or wheel. There is a wide range of literature on chakra models, philosophy, and lore that underpin many philosophical systems and spiritual energy practices, religious observance, and personal discipline. Theories on chakras fit within systems that link the human body and mind into a single unit, described as psycho-physical, or sometimes called the 'bodymind' Sanskrit/Pali: namarupa. The philosophical theories and models of chakras as centers of energy were first codified in Ancient India. Contents 1 Working definitions 2 Etymology 3 Models 3.1 Hindu 3.1.1 Tantric 3.2 Vajrayana and Tantric Buddhist 3.3 Bön 3.4 Chinese models 3.5 Common currency and popular models 3.6 Western derivative models and interpretations 3.7 Endocrine system 4 Chakras 4.1 Sahasrara 4.2 Ajna 4.3 Vishuddha 4.4 Anahata 4.5 Manipura 4.6 Swadhistana 4.7 Muladhara 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Traditional secondary sources and commentary 8.2 Derivative sources, Western and interpretive literature 9 External links Working definitions Anodea Judith 1996: p.5 provides a representative modern interpretation of chakras: A chakra is a center of activity that receives, assimilates, and expresses life force energy. The word chakra literally translates as wheel or disk and refers to a spinning sphere of bioenergetic activity emanating from the major nerve ganglia branching forward from the spinal column. There are six of these wheels stacked in a column of energy that spans from the base of the spine to the middle of the forehead. And the seventh which is beyond the physical region. It is the six major chakras that correlate with basic states of consciousness... Chakra are commonly described, as above, as energy centers in the spine located at major branchings of the human nervous system, beginning at the base of the spinal column and moving upward to the top of the skull. Chakras are considered to be a point or nexus of metaphysical and/or biophysical energy of the human body. The following primary chakras are commonly described: Muladhara Sanskrit: मूलाधार, MÅ«lÄ?dhÄ?ra lower body Swadhisthana Sanskrit: सà¥?वाधिषà¥?ठान, SvÄ?dhiá¹£á¹hÄ?na reproductive parts Manipura Sanskrit: मणिपूर, MaṇipÅ«ra navel Anahata Sanskrit: अनाहत, AnÄ?hata heart Vishuddha Sanskrit: विशà¥?दà¥?ध, ViÅ›uddha throat Ajna Sanskrit: आजà¥?ञा, Ä€jñÄ? eyebrow or forehead Sahasrara Sanskrit: सहसà¥?रार, SahasrÄ?ra top of head Chakras in the head from lowest to highest are: golata, talu/talana/lalana, ajna, talata/lalata, manas, soma, sahasrara and sri inside it. The concept of chakra are often treated in different ways, depending on the cultural context. In Chinese medicine, traditional chakra locations correspond to acupuncture points. In some Eastern thought, chakras are considered to be gradations of consciousness and reflect states of the soul--these systems rely less on proof than on experience under the assumption that 'proving' the existence of chakras is asking to 'prove' the existence of the thought process. A mystic may deal with chakra as a model for their internal and external experience, and when talking about 'energy centers', may be talking about subtle forces which connect to the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual aspects of a person. Etymology The English word chakra is derived from the Sanskrit cakraṃ चकà¥?रं meaning wheel or circle.12 More generally, the term refers to circular objects or formations, and Apte provides 23 different definitions for cakram used as a noun. Examples include discus a type of divine weapon, particularly associated with Vishnu, a potter's wheel, a form of military array, etc. Bhattacharyya's review of Tantric history says that the word chakra is used to mean several different things in the Sanskrit sources:3 Circle, used in a variety of senses, symbolizing endless rotation of shakti. A circle of people. In rituals there are different cakra-sÄ?dhanÄ? in which adherents assemble and perform rites. According to the Niruttaratantra, chakras in the sense of assemblies are of 5 types. The term chakra also is used to denote yantras or mystic diagrams, variously known as trikoṇa-cakra, aá¹£á¹akoṇa-cakra, etc. Different nerve plexus within the body. In Buddhist literature the Sanskrit term cakra Pali cakka is used in a different sense of circle, referring to a Buddhist conception of the 4 circles or states of existence in which gods or men may find themselves.4 Models May 2007 This article may require cleanup to meet 's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. April 2008 Yogin with seven chakras, India, Punjab Hills, Kangra, late 1700s National Museum, New Delhi. Ajit Mookerjee Collection. The Hindu deities governing the chakras are depicted in the chakras e.g. Ganesha, lord of the Muladhara the base chakra, is depicted with his consort in the Muladhara chakra. Yogin with seven chakras, India, Punjab Hills, Kangra, late 1700s National Museum, New Delhi. Ajit Mookerjee Collection. The Hindu deities governing the chakras are depicted in the chakras e.g. Ganesha, lord of the Muladhara the base chakra, is depicted with his consort in the Muladhara chakra. Chakrology is a neologism sometimes employed by Alternative Medicine practitioners or esoteric philosophers for the study of chakras. There are many different chakrologies, some of them based on ancient Indian Hindu Tantric esoteric traditions or Western occult analyses, as well as ancient Greek and Christian references.citation needed There are numerous traditional and modern models of the chakra system of the human subtle energetic body. As the system is subtle, these differences may co-exist and be perceived as foregrounding and backgrounding different qualities or attributes for specific reasons or purposes rather than perceived as vying for ascendancy. That said, the bodymind is a system, refer systems theory and no chakra is supreme. Chakra work in dialogue and in relationship to each other. This dialogic model is how Ayurvedic Medicine view the energetic interplay of the Chakra. This dialogic model of the Chakra is directly comparable to the human endocrine system and how different glands chemically signal and communicate to each other. Hindu In Hinduism, the concept of chakras is part of a complex of ideas related to esoteric anatomy. These ideas occur most often in the class of texts that are called Ä€gamas or Tantras. This is a large body of scripture, most of which is rejected by orthodox Brahmins.5 There are many variations on these concepts in the Sanskrit source texts. In earlier texts there are various systems of chakras and nadis, with varying connections between them. Various traditional sources list 5, 6, 7, or 8 chakras. Over time, one system of 6 or 7 chakras along the body's axis became the dominant model, adopted by most schools of yoga. This particular system may have originated in about the 11th century AD, and rapidly became widely popular.6 It is in this model where Kundalini is said to rise upward, piercing the various centers until reaching the crown of the head, resulting in union with the Divine. Tantric The chakras are described in the tantric texts the Sat-Cakra-Nirupana, and the Padaka-Pancaka7 , in which they are described as emanations of consciousness from Brahman, an energy emanating from the spiritual which gradually turns concrete, creating these distinct levels of chakras, and which eventually finds its rest in the Muladhara chakra. They are therefore part of an emanationist theory, like that of the kabbalah in the west, lataif-e-sitta in Sufism or neo-platonism. The energy that was unleashed in creation, called the Kundalini, lies coiled and sleeping at the base of the spine. It is the purpose of the tantric or kundalini forms of yoga to arouse this energy, and cause it to rise back up through the increasingly subtler chakras, until union with God is achieved in the Sahasrara chakra at the crown of the head. Vajrayana and Tantric Buddhist Part of a series on Tibetan Buddhism History Timeline · Related-topics Schools Nyingma · Kagyu · Sakya · Gelug · Bön Key Concepts Three marks of existence Skandha · Cosmology SaṃsÄ?ra · Rebirth · Bodhisattva ·Dharma · Dependent Origination · Karma Major Figures Gautama Buddha ·Padmasambhava·Je Tsongkhapa · Dalai Lama · Panchen Lama · Lama ·Karmapa Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Terton · Tulku Practices and Attainment Buddhahood · AvalokiteÅ›vara Four Stages of Enlightenment · Tantric yoga · Paramitas · Mation · Laity Major Monasteries Changzhug · Drepung · Dzogchen · Ganden · Jokhang · Kumbum · Labrang· Mindroling · Namgyal · Narthang · Nechung · Palcho· Ralung · Ramoche · Sakya · Sanga · Sera · Shalu · Shechen · Tashilhunpo · Tsurphu · Yerpa Major Festivals Chotrul Duchen· Dajyur· Losar · Monlam· Sho Dun Texts Kangyur ·Tengyur ·Tibetan Canon ·Mahayana Sutras Art Sandpainting ·Thangka ·Ashtamangala ·Tree of physiology Comparative Studies Culture · List of topics Portal:Tibetan Buddhism This box: view talk According to contemporary buddhist teacher Tarthang Tulku, the heart chakra is very important for the feeling of existential fulfillment.citation needed A result of energetic imbalance between chakras is an almost continuous feeling of dissatisfaction. When the heart chakra is agitated, people lose touch with feelings and sensations, and that breeds the sense of dissatisfaction. That leads to looking outside for fulfillment. When people live in their heads, feelings are secondary, they are interpretations of mental images that are fed back to the individual. When awareness is focused on memories of past experiences and mental verbalizations, the energy flow to the head chakra increases and the energy flow to the heart chakra lessens. Without nurturing feelings of the heart a subtle form of anxiety arises which results in the self reaching out for experience. When the throat chakra settles and energy is distributed evenly between the head and the heart chakras, one is able to truly contact one's senses and touch real feelings.8 Chögyal Namkai Norbu Rinpoche teaches a version of the Six Lokas sadhana which works with the chakra system.citation needed The kye-rim Tibetan and dzog-rim Tibetan stages work with the 'chakra' Tibetan: khorlo. Bön Chakras, as pranic centers of the body, according to the Himalayan Bönpo tradition, influence the quality of experience, because movement of prana can not be separated from experience. Each of six major chakras are linked to experiential qualities of one of the six realms of existence.9 A modern teacher, Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche uses a computer analogy: main chakras are like hard drives. Each hard drive has many files. One of the files is always open in each of the chakras, no matter how closed that particular chakra may be. What is displayed by the file shapes experience. The tsa lung practices such as those embodied in Trul Khor lineages open channels so lung Lung is a Tibetan term cognate with prana or qi may move without obstruction. Yoga opens chakras and evokes positive qualities associated with a particular chakra. In the hard drive analogy, the screen is cleared and a file is called up that contains positive, supportive qualities. A seed syllable Sanskrit bija is used both as a password that evokes the positive quality and the armor that sustains the quality.9 Tantric practice eventually transforms all experience into bliss. The practice liberates from negative conditioning and leads to control over perception and cognition.9 Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche teaches a version of the Six Lokas sadhana which works with the chakra system. Chinese models Traditional Chinese medicine also relies on a similar model of the human body as an energy system, except that it involves the circulation of qi energy.1011 In the circuit of qi, called the Microcosmic orbit, energy also comes back down the front torso channel equivalent to the nadis of Hatha yoga, and enters the tan tiens: when it returns to the heart and cycles down and reascends to the head further mation/contemplation or union with deity developscitation needed. In Macrocosmic orbit the qi is also guided through the main channels in the limbs.12 Common currency and popular models The chakras are described as being aligned in an ascending column from the base of the spine to the top of the head. In New Age practices, each chakra is often associated with a certain color. In various traditions chakras are associated with multiple physiological functions, an aspect of consciousness, a classical element, and other distinguishing characteristics. They are visualized as lotuses/flowers with a different number of petals in every chakra. The chakras are thought to vitalize the physical body and to be associated with interactions of a physical, emotional and mental nature. They are considered loci of life energy or prana, also called shakti, qi Chinese; ki in Japanese, kuch-ha-guf13 Hebrew, bios Greek aether Greek, English, which is thought to flow among them along pathways called nadis. The function of the chakras is to spin and draw in this energy to keep the spiritual, mental, emotional and physical health of the body in balance. The New Age movement has led to an increased interest in the West regarding chakras. Many in this movement point to a correspondence between the position and role of the chakras and those of the glands in the endocrine system. These ideas first appear in the writings of theosophical authors like C. W. Leadbeater, who wrote a book on the Chakras. The seven principal chakras are said by some to reflect how the unified consciousness of humanity the immortal human being or the soul, is divided to manage different aspects of earthly life body/instinct/vital energy/deeper emotions/communication/having an overview of life/contact to God. The chakras are placed at differing levels of spiritual subtlety, with Sahasrara at the top being concerned with pure consciousness, and Muladhara at the bottom being concerned with matter, which is seen simply as crudified consciousness. Western derivative models and interpretations The seven chakras and the five elements in Tantra. Origin: Chakras Images Database The seven chakras and the five elements in Tantra. Origin: Chakras Images Database The first western reference on chakra commonly accepted by modern scholars is from a disciple of Jakob Böhme namely Johann Georg Gichtel. Gichtel, in his book Theosophia Practica 1696, directly refer to inner force centres which are strictly related with eastern chakra doctrines.14 Anyway it is the shakta theory of 7 main chakras that many people in the West adhere to, largely thanks to a translation of two Indian texts, the Sat-Cakra-Nirupana, and the Padaka-Pancaka, by Sir John Woodroffe, alias Arthur Avalon, in a book titled The Serpent Power.15 This book is extremely detailed and complex, and later the ideas were developed into what is predominant western view of the Chakras by the Theosophists, and largely the controversial in theosophical circles C. W. Leadbeater in his book The Chakras, which are in large part his own mations and insights on the matter. Rudolf Steiner one-time Theosophist, and founder of Anthroposophy says much about the Chakras that is unusual, especially that the chakra system is dynamic and evolving and is very different for modern people than it was in ancient times, and will in turn be radically different in future times. In contrast to the traditional eastern teachings, Steiner describes a sequence of development from the top down rather than the bottom up. This is the so called 'Christos Path' which has not always been available to humanity. He also seems to ignore the Thousand Petaled at the crown of the head and mentions cryptically an Eight Petaled chakra located between the Ten Petaled and the Six Petaled. In his book How to Know Higher Worlds Steiner gives clear instructions on how to develop the chakras safely into maturity. These are more like life disciplines than exercises and can take considerable time. He warns that while quicker methods exist, they can be dangerous to one's health, character, or sanity.citations needed Many New Age writers, such as the Danish author and musician Peter Kjærulff in his book, The Ringbearer's Diary or Anodea Judith in her book Wheels of Life, have written their opinions about the chakras in great detail, including the reasons for their appearance and functions. Another unique interpretation of the seven chakras is presented by writer and artist Zachary Selig. In the book Kundalini Awakening, a Gentle Guide to Chakra Activation and Spiritual Growth, he presents a unique codex titled Relaxatia, a solar Kundalini paradigm that is a codex of the human chakra system and the solar light spectrum, designed to activate Kundalini through his color-coded chakra paintings.16 Additionally, some chakra system models describe one or more Transpersonal chakras above the crown chakra, and an Earth star chakra below the feet. There are also held to be many minor chakras, for example between the major chakras. Chakras are also used in neurolinguistic programming to connect NLP logical levels, with spiritual goals on the crown, intellectual on the forehead and so on17. Endocrine system The primary importance and level of existence of chakras is posited to be in the psyche. However, there are those who believe that chakras have a physical manifestation as well.18 Some authors say that there is a relationship between the positions and functions of the chakras and of the various organs of the endocrine system. It is noted by many that there is a marked similarity between the positions and roles described for chakras, and the positions and roles of the glands in the endocrine system, and also by the positions of the nerve ganglia also known as plexuses along the spinal cord branching to plexuses by endocrine glands or organs, opening the possibility that two vastly different systems of conceptualization have been brought to bear to systemize insights about the same phenomenon. By some, chakras are thought of as having their physical manifestation in the body as these glands and their subjective manifestation as the associated emotional, mental, and spiritual experiences.citation needed. Chakras Tantric chakras Sahasrara Ajna Vishuddha Anahata Manipura Swadhisthana Muladhara Bindu Sahasrara Sahasrara or the crown chakra is generally considered to be the chakra of consciousness. Its role may be envisioned somewhat similarly to that of the pituitary gland, which secretes hormones to communicate to the rest of the endocrine system and also connects to the central nervous system via the hypothalamus. The thalamus is thought to have a key role in the physical basis of consciousness. Symbolised by a lotus with one thousand petals, it is located on the crown of the head. Ajna Ajna along with Bindu, either or both are considered to correspond to the third eye is linked to the pineal gland which may inform a model of its envisioning. Ajna is held as the chakra of time, awareness and of light. The pineal gland is a light sensitive gland that produces the hormone melatonin which regulates sleep and awakening. Symbolised by a lotus with two petals. Note: some opine that the pineal and pituitary glands should be exchanged in their relationship to the Crown and Brow chakras, based on the description in Arthur Avalon's book on kundalini called Serpent Power or empirical research. Vishuddha Vishuddha also Vishuddhi or the throat chakra may be envisioned as relating to communication and growth, growth being a form of expression. This chakra is paralleled to the thyroid, a gland that is also in the throat and which produces thyroid hormone, responsible for growth and maturation. Symbolised by a lotus with sixteen petals. Anahata Anahata or the heart chakra is related to complex emotion, compassion, love, equilibrium and well-being. It is related to the thymus, located in the chest. The thymus is an element of the immune system as well as being part of the endocrine system. It produces T cells responsible for fending off disease and may be adversely affected by stress. Symbolised by a lotus with twelve petals. See also heartmind. Manipura Manipura or the solar plexus chakra is related to the transition from simple or base to complex emotion, energy, assimilation and digestion, and is held to correspond to the roles played by the pancreas and the outer adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex. These play a valuable role in digestion, the conversion of food matter into energy for the body. Symbolised by a lotus with ten petals. Swadhistana Swadhisthana or the sacral chakra is located in the sacrum hence the name and is related to base emotion, sexuality and creativity. This chakra is considered to correspond to the testicles or the ovaries that produce the various sex hormones involved in the reproductive cycle which may cause dramatic mood swings. Symbolized by a lotus with six petals. Muladhara Muladhara or the base or root chakra is related to instinct, security, survival and also to basic human potentiality. This centre is located in the region between the genitals and the anus. Although no endocrine organ is placed here, it is said to relate to the inner adrenal glands, the adrenal medulla, responsible for the fight and flight response when survival is under threat. In this region is located a muscle that controls ejaculation in the sexual act in the human male. A parallel is charted between the sperm cell and the ovum where the genetic code lies coiled and the kundalini. Symbolised by a lotus with four petals. Woodroffe also describes 7 head chakras including Ajna and Sahasrara in his other Indian text sources. Lowest to highest they are: Talu/Talana/Lalana, Ajna, Manas, Soma, Brahmarandra, Sri inside Sahasrara, Sahasrara. See also Ashoka Chakra Aura Kuji-in Kundalini Qigong Bön Reiki Kundalini Yoga Laya Yoga Sahaja Yoga Transpersonal chakra Tsa lung Microchakras Notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chakras ^ V. S. Apte, A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 424. ^ Monier-Williams, p. 380. ^ Bhattacharyya, N. N., History of the Tantric Religion. Second Revised ion. Manohar: New Delhi, 1999 pp. 385-86. ISBN 81-7304-025-7 ^ Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Volume II. p. 221. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers: Delhi, 1953. Reprint ion, Delhi, 2004, ISBN 81-208-0999-8. E.g., catvÄ?ri devamanuá¹£yÄ?ṇÄ?ṃ cakrÄ?ṇi. ^ Flood, op. cit., p. 122. ^ Flood, op. cit., p. 99. ^ Woodroffe, The Serpent Power, pp.317ff. ^ Tarthang Tulku. Tibetan Relaxation. The illustrated guide to Kum Nye massage and movement - A yoga from the hey guy Tibetan tradition. Dunkan Baird Publishers, London, 2007, ISBN-13:978-1-84483-404-4, pp. 31, 33 ^ a b c Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche, Healing with Form, Energy, and Light. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2002. ISBN 1559391766, pp. 84 ^ Lu K'uan Yü, Taoist Yoga - Alchemy and Immortality, Rider and Company, London, 1970 ^ Mantak and Maneewan Chia Awaken Healing Light of the Tao Healing Tao Books, 1993, ch.5 ^ Mantak and Maneewan Chia Awaken Healing Light of the Tao Healing Tao Books, 1993, ch.13 ^ Helena Blavatsky 1892. Theosophical Glossary. Krotona. ^ C. W. Leadbeater, Gichtel and Theosophia Practica, Chakra, Adyar, 1927 ^ Woodroffe, The Serpent Power, Dover Publications, pp.317ff ^ Selby, Jon and Selig, Zachary. 1992 Kundalini Awakening, a Gentle Guide to Chakra Activation and Spiritual Growth, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-0-553-35330-3 0-553-35330-6 ^ WEL-Systems: New Paradigm for NLP ^ Saraswati, MD 1953 - 2001. Kundalini Yoga. Tehri-Garhwal, India: Divine Life Society, foldout chart. ISBN 81-7052-052-5 References BelindaGrace 2007. You are Clairvoyant - Developing the secret skill we all have. Rockpool Publishing. Apte, Vaman Shivram 1965. The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, fourth revised enlarged ion, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 81-208-0567-4. Bhattacharyya, N. N. 1999. History of the Tantric Religion, Second Revised ion, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 174. ISBN 81-7304-025-7. Bucknell, Roderick; Stuart-Fox, Martin 1986. The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Mation and Symbolism. London: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-312-82540-4. Edgerton, Franklin 1953 2004. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, Reprint ion, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 81-208-0999-8. Two volumes Flood, Gavin 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0. Chia, Mantak; Chia, Maneewan 1993. Awaken Healing Light of the Tao. Healing Tao Books. Monier-Williams, Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. Prabhananda, S. 2000. Studies on the Tantras, Second reprint ion., Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. ISBN 81-85843-36-8. Rinpoche, Tenzin Wangyal 2002. Healing with Form, Energy, and Light. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1559391766. Saraswati, MD 1953 - 2001. Kundalini Yoga. Tehri-Garhwal, India: Divine Life Society, foldout chart. ISBN 81-7052-052-5. Tulku, Tarthang 2007. Tibetan Relaxation. The illustrated guide to Kum Nye massage and movement - A yoga from the Tibetan tradition. London: Dunkan Baird Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84483-404-4. Woodroffe, John 1919 - 1964. The Serpent Power. Madras, India: Ganesh Co.. ISBN 0-486-23058-9. Further reading Traditional secondary sources and commentary Banerji, S. C. Tantra in Bengal. Second Revised and Enlarged ion. Manohar: Delhi, 1992 ISBN 81-85425-63-9 Saraswati, Swami Sivananda, MD 1953 - 2001. Kundalini Yoga. Tehri-Garhwal, India: Divine Life Society. ISBN 81-7052-052-5. Shyam Sundar Goswami, Layayoga: The Definitive Guide to the Chakras and Kundalini, Routledge Kegan Paul, 1980. Derivative sources, Western and interpretive literature Leadbeater, C.W. The Chakras Wheaton, Illinois, U.S.A.:1926--Theosophical Publishing House--Picture of the Chakras on plates facing page 17 as claimed to have been observed by Leadbeater with his third eye Full text of the book The Chakras by C.W. Leadbeater with color illustrations of the chakras: Sharp, Dr. Michael 2005. Dossier of the Ascension: A Practical Guide to Chakra Activation and Kundalini Awakening, 1st, Avatar Publications. 0973537930. Guru Dharam S Khalsa and Darryl OKeeffe. The Kundalini Yoga Experience New York, NY U.S.A.:2002, Fireside, Simon Schuster, Inc. Copyright by Baia Books Limited. Kriyans and mations copyright Yogi Bhajan, All Rights reserved. Judith, Anodea 1996. Eastern Body Western Mind: Psychology And The Chakra System As A Path To The Self. Berkeley, California, USA: Celestial Arts Publishing. ISBN 0-89087-815-3 Dahlheimer, Dr. Volker 2006. Kundalini Shakti: Explanation of the Seven Chakras, Video clip with words and explanative grafics, 5th Level Publications. External links Look up chakra in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sites related to chakra at the Open Directory Project. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Chakra Categories: Mation | Hindu philosophical concepts | New Age | Sanskrit words and phrases | Shabd paths | Chakras | VitalismHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2007 | Articles needing additional references from May 2007 | Cleanup from April 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2008 | Articles with statements since May 2007 | Articles with statements since April 2007 | Articles with statements since February 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 00:31
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