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14-September-2008 12:50:27 - Immunology Redirected from Clinical immunology Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection; the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in several disciplines of science, and as such is further divided. Contents 1 Histological examination of the immune system 2 Classical immunology 3 Clinical immunology 4 Immunotherapy 5 Diagnostic immunology 6 Evolutionary immunology 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Histological examination of the immune system Even before the concept of immunity from immunis, Latin for exempt was developed, numerous early physicians characterised organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system. The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system are thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and skin. When health conditions warrant, immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, portions of bone marrow, lymph nodes and secondary lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive. Many components of the immune system are actually cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. Classical immunology Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory. The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system, and acquired or adaptive immune system of vertebrates, the latter of which is further divided into humoral and cellular components. The humoral antibody response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells B lymphocytes. Antigens are defined as anything that elicits generation of antibodies, hence they are Antibody Generators. Immunology itself rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities. However, equally important is the cellular response, which can not only kill infected cells in its own right, but is also crucial in controlling the antibody response. Put simply, both systems are highly interdependent. In the 21st century, immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being performed in the more specialized niches of immunology. This includes the immunological function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with the immune system, as well as the function of the immune system outside classical models of immunity. Clinical immunology Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system. It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories: immunodeficiency, in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response examples include chronic granulomatous disease, and autoimmunity, in which the immune system attacks its own host's body examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's disease and myasthenia gravis. Other immune system disorders include different hypersensitivities, in which the system responds inappropriately to harmless compounds asthma and other allergies or responds too intensely. The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, caused by HIV. AIDS is an immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of CD4+ helper T cells and macrophages, which are destroyed by HIV. Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent transplant rejection, in which the immune system attempts to destroy allografts or xenografts. Immunotherapy See main article Immunotherapy The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of cancers together with chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy radiation. However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed such as HIV patients and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases. Diagnostic immunology See main article Diagnostic immunology The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired antigen can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a probe to detect it. Evolutionary immunology Study of the immune system in extant and extinct species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the evolution of species and the immune system. A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolutionary observation, these physical properties are often seen from the anthropocentric aspect. It should be recognized that every organism living today has an immune system absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm; those organisms that did not adapt their immune systems to external threats are no longer around to be observed. Insects and other arthropods, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury and exposure to pathogens by their chitinous shells. See also Autoimmunity List of immunologists History of immunology Serology Immunodeficiency Medical technologist Osteoimmunology References Wikibooks Immunology Textbook Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J 2003 Immunology, 5th ion, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5 External links Wikiversity At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Immunology at: The Department of Immunology BMC: Immunology- BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles. Nature Reviews Immunology journal home Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Overview at Medical College of Georgia MUGEN NoE murine models for immunological disease Transplantation Immunology Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood. Online lectures in immunology University of South Carolina BRT-Burleson Research Technologies Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system. April the 29th - the annual Day of Immunology Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming Institute of Immunology The Immunology Database and Analysis Portal - an NIAID-funded database resource of reference and experiment data covering the entire immunology domain v d e Health science Medicine Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Anesthesiology · Cardiac surgery · Cardiothoracic surgery · General surgery · Neurosurgery · Oral and maxillofacial surgery · Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery · Otolaryngology ENT · Pediatric surgery · Plastic surgery · Surgical oncology · Thoracic surgery · Transplant surgery · Trauma surgery · Urology · Vascular surgery Internal medicine Cardiology · Endocrinology · Gastroenterology · Geriatrics · Hematology · Hepatology · Infectious diseases · Intensive care medicine · Nephrology · Oncology · Proctology · Pulmonology · Rheumatology Diagnostic Clinical laboratory sciences Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Clinical microbiology, Clinical immunology, Transfusion medicine · Radiology Interventional radiology, Nuclear Medicine · Pathology Anatomical, Clinical · Clinical neurophysiology Other specialties Allergy and immunology · Dermatology · Disaster medicine · Emergency medicine · General practice · Neurology · Obstetrics and gynaecology Fertility medicine · Andrology · Reproductive medicine · Occupational medicine · Ophthalmology · Palliative care · Pediatrics · Physical medicine and rehabilitation Physiatry · Preventive medicine Public health · Psychiatry · Sleep medicine Other Epidemiology · History of medicine · Hospital medicine · Medical education · Medical genetics · Medical school · Osteopathic medicine · Pharmacy · Physician MD and DO · Physician Assistant · Sports medicine · Medical fiction v d e Immune system / Immunology Systems Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system · Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system · Complement system Anaphylatoxins · Intrinsic immune system Antibodies and antigens Antibody Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody · Allotype · Isotype · Idiotype · Antigen Superantigen · Polyclonal B cell response Immune cells/White blood cells Lymphoid: T cell · B cell · NK cell Myeloid: Mast cell · Basophil · Eosinophil · Macrophage Phagocytes: Neutrophil · Macrophage/Reticuloendothelial system Professional APCs: Dendritic cell · Macrophage · B cell Immunity vs. tolerance Immunity · Autoimmunity · Allergy · Tolerance Central · Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Somatic hypermutation · VDJ recombination · Immunoglobulin class switching · MHC/HLA Substances Cytokines · Opsonin · Cytolysin Other Inflammation · Epitope Linear epitope and Conformational epitope · Hapten · Cross-reactivity · Diagnostic immunology · Immune complex Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Immunology#Clinical_immunology Categories: Immunology | Subjects taught in medical school Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 6 September 2008, at 19:24
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