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14-September-2008 12:50:28 - Cognate Look up cognate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cognates in linguistics are words that have a common origin. They may occur within a language, such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from the Proto-Indo-European word sker-, meaning to cut. They may also occur across languages, e.g. night and German Nacht as descendants of Proto-Indo-European nókÊ·ts, night. The word cognate derives from Latin cognatus, from co with +gnatus, natus, past participle of nasci to be born.1 Literally it means related by blood, having a common ancestor, or related by an analogous nature, character, or function.2 The term cognate is not normally used with loanwords. For example, linguists would not say that the English word sushi is cognate to the Japanese word sushi, because the word was borrowed from Japanese into English. Contents 1 Characteristics of cognate words 2 Cognates across languages 3 Cognates within the same language 4 False cognates 5 Parliamentary term 6 Mechanical systems 7 Molecular Biology term 8 References 9 See also Characteristics of cognate words Cognates need not have the same meaning: dish English and Tisch table, German, or starve English and sterben die, German, or head English and chef chief, head, French, serve as examples as to how cognate terms may diverge in meaning as languages develop separately, eventually becoming false friends. In addition to having separate meanings, cognates through processes of linguistic change may no longer resemble each other phonetically: cow and beef both derive from the same Indo-European root gÊ·ou-, cow having developed through the Germanic language family while beef has arrived in English from the Italo-Romance family descent. ModE cow ME cou OE cÅ« PIE gÊ·ou Latin bov- stem; dictionary form is bos, borrowed from some Osco-Umbrian dialect OFr boef ME beef Cognates across languages Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night English, nuit French, Nacht German, nacht Dutch, nicht Scots, natt Swedish, Norwegian, nat Danish, noc Czech, Polish, ночь, noch Russian, нощ, nosht Bulgarian, ніч, nich Ukrainian, ноч, noch/noÄ? Belarusian noć Croatian, Serbian, νÏ?ξ, nyx Greek, nox Latin, nakt- Sanskrit, natë Albanian, noche Spanish, nos Welsh, noite Portuguese and Galician, notte Italian, nit Catalan, noapte Romanian, nótt Icelandic, and naktis Lithuanian, all meaning night and derived from the Proto-Indo-European PIE nókÊ·ts, night. Another Indo-European example is star English, str- Sanskrit, astre or étoile French, αστήÏ? astÄ“r Greek, stella Latin, Italian, stea Romanian and Venetian, stairno Gothic, astl Armenian, Stern German, ster Dutch and Afrikaans, starn Scots, stjerne Norwegian and Danish, stjarna Icelandic, stjärna Swedish, setare Persian, stoorei Pashto, seren Welsh, steren Cornish, estel Catalan, estrella Spanish, estrela Portuguese and Galician and estêre Kurdish, from the PIE hâ‚‚stḗr, star. The Hebrew shalom, the Arabic salaam and the Amharic selam peace are also cognates, derived from Proto-Semitic Å¡alÄ?m-. Cognates may often be less easily recognised than the above examples and authorities sometimes differ in their interpretations of the evidence. The English word milk is clearly a cognate of German Milch. On the other hand, French lait and Spanish leche both meaning milk are less obviously cognates of Greek galaktos genitive form of gala, milk galag-, galakt-, but on the other hand the Spanish adjective forms lácteo or láctico better prove this common origin, through the Latin lactis, as well as the English word lactic and many many other English words derived or borrowed from Latin, directly or through other Romance languages. Cognates within the same language Cognates can exist within the same language. For example, English ward and guard PIE wer-, to perceive, watch out for are cognate as are shirt and skirt PIE sker-, to cut. In some cases, such as shirt and skirt, one of the cognate pairs has an ultimate source in another language related to English, while the other one is native, as happened with many loanwords from Old Norse which was mutually intelligible with Old English borrowed when the Vikings conquered part of England. Sometimes, both cognates come from other languages, often the same one but at different times. For example, the word chief comes from the Middle French chef, and its modern pronunciation preserves the Middle French consonant sound. The word chef was borrowed from the same source centuries later, by which time the consonant had changed to a sh-sound in French. Such words are said to be etymological twins. False cognates Main article: False cognate False cognates are words that are commonly thought to be related have a common origin whereas linguistic examination reveals they are unrelated. Thus, for example, on the basis of superficial similarities one might suppose that the Latin verb habere and German haben, both meaning 'to have', are cognates. However, an understanding of the way words in the two languages evolve from Proto-Indo-European PIE roots shows that they cannot be cognate see for example Grimm's law. German haben like English have in fact comes from PIE kap, 'to grasp', and its real cognate in Latin is capere, 'to seize, grasp, capture'. Latin habere, on the other hand, is from PIE gÊ°abÊ°, 'to give, to receive', and hence cognate with English give and German geben. The similarity of words between languages is not enough to demonstrate that the words are related to each other, in much the same way that facial resemblance does not imply a close genetic relationship between people. Over the course of hundreds and thousands of years, words may change their sound completely. Thus, for example, English five and Sanskrit pança are cognates, while English over and Hebrew a'var are not, and neither are English dog and Mbabaram dog. Contrast this with false friends, which frequently are cognate. Parliamentary term In a parliamentary sense, a cognate debate means that two or more bills can be debated together, if the House does not object to the matter. Bills are only debated cognately if they are closely related. Mechanical systems In Mechanical Systems, the term cognate has been used by Hartenburg and Denavit to describe a linkage, of different geometry, which generates the same coupler curve. Molecular Biology term In molecular biology a ligand may have a cognate receptor. This is a receptor that specifically binds to that ligand. References ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary ^ 1 Dictionary definition of cognate on Answers.com. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth ion Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. See also Cognate object Historical-comparative linguistics Paronym False friend Reflex linguistics ref.: Talk:Reflex#Reflex in linguistics? 2 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cognate Categories: Historical linguistics Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans БългарÑ?ки Deutsch Español Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Português Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 07:57
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