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14-September-2008 12:50:28 - behavioral therapy Redirected from Cognitive-behavioral therapy Jump to: navigation, search Please consider using Expert-subject to associate this request with a This article may require cleanup to meet 's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. August 2008 See also: Cognitive Therapy Psychology Greek letter 'psi' Portal History Areas RESEARCH Abnormal Biological Cognitive Developmental Emotion Experimental Evolutionary Mathematical Neuropsychology Neuroscience Personality Positive Psychophysics Social Transpersonal APPLIED Clinical Educational Forensic Health Industrial Organizational School Sport LISTS Publications Topics Therapies view talk Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is an umbrella-term for psychotherapies that deal with cognitions, assumptions, beliefs, evaluations and behaviors, with the aim of influencing emotions and behaviors that relate to maladaptive and dysfunctional appraisal of events. The general approach, developed out of behavior modification, Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, has become widely used to treat various kinds of psychopathology, including mood disorders and anxiety disorders. The particular therapeutic techniques vary within the different approaches of CBT according to the particular kind of problem issues, but commonly may include keeping a diary of significant events and associated feelings, thoughts and behaviors; questioning and testing cognitions, assumptions, evaluations and beliefs that might be unhelpful and unrealistic; gradually facing activities which may have been avoided; and trying out new ways of behaving and reacting. Relaxation, mindfulness and distraction techniques are also commonly included. CBT is widely accepted as an evidence- and empiricism-based, cost-effective psychotherapy for many disorders and psychological problems. It is sometimes used with groups of people as well as individuals, and the techniques are also commonly adapted for self-help manuals and, increasingly, for self-help software packages. One of the objectives of CBT typically is to identify and monitor thoughts, assumptions, beliefs and behaviors that are related and accompanied to debilitating negative emotions and to identify those which are dysfunctional, inaccurate, or simply unhelpful. This is done in an effort to in a wide array of different methodologies replace or transcend them with more realistic and self-helping ways. An example from cognitive therapy may illustrate this process: Having made a mistake at work, a person may believe, I'm useless and can't do anything right at work. Strongly believing this, in turn, tends to worsen his mood. The problem may be worsened further if the individual reacts by avoiding activities and then behaviorally confirming his negative belief to himself. As a result, an adaptive response and further constructive consequence becomes unlikely, which reinforces the original belief of being useless. In therapy, the latter example could be identified as a self-fulfilling prophecy or problem cycle, and the efforts of the therapist and client would be directed at working together to change it. This is done by addressing the way the client thinks and behaves in response to similar situations and by developing more flexible ways to think and respond, including reducing the avoidance of activities. If, as a result, the client escapes the negative thought patterns and destructive behaviors, the feelings of depression may, over time, be relieved. The client may then become more active, succeed and respond more adaptive more often, and further reduce or cope with his negative feelings. Cognitive behavioral therapy generally is not an overnight process. Even after patients have learned to recognize when and where their mental processes go awry, it can take months of effort to replace a dysfunctional cognitive-affective-behavioral process or habit with a more reasonable and adaptive one. The cognitive model especially emphasized in psychiatrist Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy says that a person's core beliefs often formed in childhood contribute to automatic thoughts that pop up in everyday life in response to situations. Cognitive Therapy practitioners commonly hold that clinical depression is typically associated with negatively biased thinking and dysfunctional thoughts. Cognitive behavioral therapy is often used in conjunction with mood stabilizing medications to treat conditions like bipolar disorder. Its application in treating schizophrenia along with medication and family therapy is recognized by the NICE guidelines see below within the British NHS. Contents 1 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 2 Depression 2.1 Causes of depression according to cognitive theory 2.2 Attributional style 2.3 The ABC-model of psychological disturbance and change 2.4 Effectiveness of CBT with or without drugs 2.5 Effectiveness of CBT for insomnia 3 CBT with children and adolescents 4 Computerized CBT 5 CBT's influence in contemporary literature 6 Notable Behavioral Theorists 7 Notable Contributors to Modern Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 8 Related Techniques Therapies 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Professional Organizations Institutes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT can be seen as an umbrella term for many different therapies that share some common elements and theoretical underpinnings.1 While similar views of emotion have existed for millenniacitation needed, one of the earliest form of Cognitive Behavior Therapy was Rational Therapy pioneered by Albert Ellis 1913-2007 in the early 1950s. Ellis eventually called his system Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy in the mid 1990s, or REBT. It was partly founded as a reaction against popular psychotherapeutic theories at the time, mainly psychoanalysis.2 Aaron T. Beck, inspired by Ellis developed another CBT approach, called Cognitive Therapy, in the 1960s.3 Cognitive therapy rapidly became a favorite intervention to study in psychotherapy research in academic settings. In initial studies, it was often contrasted with behavioral treatments to see which was most effective. However, in recent years, cognitive and behavioral techniques have often been combined into cognitive behavioral treatment. This is arguably the primary type of psychological treatment being studied in research today. Concurrently with the pioneering contributions of Ellis and Beck, starting in the late 1950s and continuing through the 1970s, Arnold A. Lazarus developed what was arguably the first form of Broad-Spectrum Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. Indeed, in 1958, Arnold Lazarus was the first person to introduce the terms behavior therapy and behavior therapist into the professional literature i.e., Lazarus, A. A. New methods in psychotherapy: a case study. South African Medical Journal, 1958, 32, 660-664.citation needed He later broadened the focus of behavioral treatment to incorporate cognitive aspects e.g., see Arnold Lazarus' 1971 landmark book Behavior Therapy and Beyond, perhaps the first clinical text on CBT. When it became clear that optimizing therapy's effectiveness and effecting durable treatment outcomes often required transcending more narrowly focused cognitive and behavioral methods, Arnold Lazarus expanded the scope of CBT to include physical sensations as distinct from emotional states, visual images as distinct from language-based thinking, interpersonal relationships, and biological factors. The final product of Arnold Lazarus' approach to psychotherapy is called Multimodal Therapy and is, perhaps, the most comprehensive form of CBT in addition to REBT that also shares many of the same assumptions and theorizing. Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy CBGT is also a similar approach in treating mental illnesses, based on the protocol by Richard Heimberg.4 In this case, clients participate in a group and recognize they are not alone in suffering from their problems. A sub-field of cognitive behavioral therapy used to treat Obsessive Compulsive Disorder makes use of classical conditioning through extinction a type of conditioning and habituation. The specific technique, Exposure with Response Prevention ERP has been demonstrated to be more effective than the use of medication-typically SSRIs-alone. CBT has also been successfully applied to the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, health anxiety, Social phobia and Panic Disorder. In recent years, CBT has been used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations. This use has been developed in the UK by Douglas Turkington and David Kingdon. Other types of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy include Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Self-Instructional Training, Schema-Focused Therapy and many others.5 CBT has good evidence for its effectiveness in reducing symptoms and preventing relapse. It has been clinically demonstrated in over 400 studies to be effective for many psychiatric disorders and medical problems for both children and adolescents. It has been recommended in the UK by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence as a treatment of choice for a number of mental health difficulties, including post-traumatic stress disorder, OCD, bulimia nervosa and clinical depression. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy most closely allies with the Scientist-Practitioner Model of Clinical Psychology, in which clinical practice and research is informed by: a scientific perspective; clear operationalization of the problem or issue; an emphasis on measurement and measurable changes in cognition and behavior; and measurable goal-attainment. Depression See also Major depressive disorder Negative thinking dominates when a person experiences depression. The depressed person can experience negative thoughts as being beyond their control, thereby allowing them to become automatic and self-perpetuating. Negative thinking can be categorized into a number of common patterns called cognitive distortions. The cognitive therapist provides techniques to give the client a greater degree of control over negative thinking by correcting these distortions or correcting thinking errors that abet the distortions, in a process called cognitive restructuring. Causes of depression according to cognitive theory One etiological theory of depression is the Aaron Beck cognitive theory of depression. His theory is regarded as the most verified psychological theory of depression. His theory states that depressed people think the way they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations. According to Beck's theory of the etiology of depression, depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence. Children and adolescents who suffer from depression acquire this negative schema earlier. Depressed people acquire such schemas through a loss of a parent, rejection of peers, criticism from teachers or parents, the depressive attitude of a parent and other negative events. When the person with such schemas encounters a situation that resembles in some way, even remotely, the conditions in which the original schema was learned, the negative schemas of the person are activated. 6 Beck also included a negative triad in his theory. A negative triad is made up of the negative schemas and cognitive biases of the person; Beck theorized that depressed individuals make negative evaluations of themselves, the world, and the future. Depressed people, according to this theory, have views such as I never do a good job, and things will never get better. A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema. This is the negative triad. Also, Beck proposed that depressed people often have the following cognitive biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization. These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema.7 Another cognitive theory of depression is the Hopelessness Theory of depression. This is the latest theory of the helpless/hopeless theories of depression, stating that hopelessness depression is caused by a state of hopelessness. A state of hopelessness develops when the person believes that no good outcomes are possible, only negative ones. The person also feels that he or she has no ability to change the situation to allow for a positive outcome. Stressors negative life events are thought to interact with a diathesis in this case, a predisposing factor to depression to create a sense of hopelessness.8 Some proposed diatheses are attributing negative events to stable and global factors, low self-esteem, and a tendency to believe that negative life events will have severe negative consequences. Such diatheses increase the possibility that a person will experience hopelessness depression. Attributional style An approach to depression based upon attribution theory in social psychology is related to the concept of attributional style. First advanced by Lyn Abramson and her colleagues in 1978, this approach argues that depressives have a typical attributional style -they tend to attribute negative events in their lives to stable and global characteristics of themselves.9 This theory is sometimes known as a revised version of learned helplessness theory. In 1989, this theory was challenged by Hopelessness Theory.10 This theory emphasized attributions to global and stable factors, rather than, as in the original model, internal attributions. Hopelessness Theory also emphasizes that beliefs about the consequences of events, and rated importance of events, may be at least as important as causal attributions in understanding why some people react to negative events with clinical depression. The ABC-model of psychological disturbance and change A major aid in cognitive therapy is what Albert Ellis calls the ABC-model.2 In therapy the client and the therapist work through a situational episode a person has a significant disturbed emotional response in relation to. These situations and problems may be used to assess and map more complex and multi-layered problem issues. A - Activating Event or adversity. This represents the situation, that is, the often infered situational and critical event that triggers a significant emotional response. B - Beliefs. This is the evaluative emotional and behavioral beliefs about the adversity the client has in relation to his unique personal likes and dislikes. C - Consequence. This represents the negative disturbed emotions and dysfunctional behaviors related to A and B. The beliefs and assumptions at B are seen as a connecting mediating bridge between the situation and the unhealthy feelings and maladaptive behaviors. For example, Gina is upset because she fails an important math test. The activating event, A then is that she failed her test and infers that she will not be able to get her degree. The evaluative belief, B about A, is that she believes in her heart and head that she absolutely always must have good grades and succeed or else its awful the end of the world. The Consequence, C, is that Gina tend to feel depressed and thinks may be no use to continue school. Disputing. After a situational episode, beliefs and responses have been identified and assessed, the therapist will often work in wide array of ways with the client in challenging and disputing the dysfunctional beliefs on the basis of evidence from the client's experience. By using many cognitive, emotive and behavioral methods and techniques the client is helped to develop and ingrain more functional and rational beliefs with succeeding healthy and adaptive responses. From the example above, a therapist may help Gina realize that it is self-defeating and that there is no evidence and does not make sense to believe that she absolutely always must pass her tests and succeed - and that such kind of thing is an absolute horror. Although she normally may want and strongly prefer to pass her tests and succeed, she has alternatives and not doing it would not be the end of the world. If she realizes that not passing her tests, and even have trouble getting her degree is highly unfortunate and sad, but not awful and horrible she will tend to feel sad or frustrated, but not depressed and helpless. The sadness and frustration are then healthy negative emotions because they are more likely to make her to study more effectively or deal with her problems as a reponse. Effectiveness of CBT with or without drugs For treatment of anxiety, a meta-analysis of 35 studies11shows the psychological method of cognitive behavioral therapy to be more effective in the long term than pharmacologic treatment drugs such as SSRIs, and while both treatments reduce anxiety, CBT is more effective in reducing depression. For treatment of depression, a large-scale study in 200012 showed substantially higher results of response and remission 73% for combined therapy vs. 48% for either CBT or a particular discontinued antidepressant alone when a form of cognitive behavior therapy and that particular discontinued anti-depressant drug were combined than when either modality was used alone. For more general results confirming that CBT alone can provide lower but nonetheless valuable levels of relief from depression, and result in increased ability for the patient to remain in employment, see The Depression Report,13 which states: 1000people attend up to sixteen weekly sessions one-on-one lasting one hour each, some will drop out but within four months 50 people will have lost their psychiatric symptoms over and above those who would have done so anyway. After recovery, people who suffered from anxiety are unlikely to relapse. . . . So how much depression can a course of CBT relieve, and how much more work will result? One course of CBT is likely to produce 12 extra months free of depression. This means nearly two months more of work. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines April 2000 indicated that among psychotherapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy had the best-documented efficacy for treatment of major depressive disorder, although they noted that rigorous evaluative studies had not been published.14 Effectiveness of CBT for insomnia Cognitive behavioural therapy has been found to be highly effective in the treatment of insomnia and in reducing benzodiazepine usage. Temazepam, nitrazepam and zopiclone not a benzodiazepine are the most frequently prescribed hypnotics in the United Kingdom. Hypnotic drugs are of poor value for the management of chronic insomnia. It is widely accepted that hypnotic drug usage beyond 4 weeks is undesirable for all age groups of patients. Many continuous sedative hypnotic users exhibit disturbed sleep as a consequence of tolerance but experience worsening rebound or withdrawal insomnia when the dose is reduced too quickly, which compounds the problem of chronic hypnotic drug use. No formal withdrawal programs for benzodiazepines exist with local providers in the United Kingdom. CBT has been found to be more effective for the long-term management of insomnia than sedative hypnotic drugs. A meta-analysis of published data on psychological treatments for insomnia shows a success rate between 70 and 80%. A large-scale trial utilising cognitive behavioural therapy in chronic users of sedative hypnotics including nitrazepam, temazepam and zopiclone found CBT to be a more effective long-term treatment for chronic insomnia. Persisting improvements in sleep quality, sleep latency, and increased total sleep, as well as improvements in sleep efficiency and significant improvements in vitality and physical and mental health at 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups were found in those receiving cognitive behavioural therapy. A marked reduction in total sedative hypnotic drug use was found in those receiving CBT, with 33% reporting no hypnotic drug use. Age has been found not to be a barrier to successful outcome of CBT. It was concluded that CBT for the management of chronic insomnia is a flexible, practical, and cost-effective treatment for the treatment of insomnia and that CBT leads to a reduction of benzodiazepine drug intake in a significant number of patients.15 CBT with children and adolescents The use of CBT has been extended to children and adolescents with good results. It is often used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and symptoms related to trauma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Significant work has been done in this area by Mark Reinecke and his colleagues at Northwestern University in the Clinical Psychology program in Chicago. Paula Barrett and her colleagues have also validated CBT as effective in a group setting for the treatment of youth and child anxiety using the Friends Program she authored. This CBT program has been recognized as best practice for the treatment of anxiety in children by the World Health Organization.Combining the Biofeedback method with the CBT process is very effective. 16 CBT has been used with children and adolescents to treat a variety of conditions with good success.1718 CBT is also used as a treatment modality for children who have experienced Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, chronic maltreatment, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder19. It would be one component of treatment for children with C-PTSD, along with a variety of other components, which are discussed in the Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder article. Computerized CBT There are Cognitive-Behavioral therapy sessions in which the user interacts with computer software either on a PC, or sometimes via a voice-activated phone service, instead of face to face with a therapist. It cannot replace face-to-face therapy, but it can provide an option for patients, especially in light of the fact that there are not always therapists available, or the cost can be prohibitive. Computerized CBT is clinically proven and drug-free. For people who are feeling depressed and withdrawn, the prospect of having to speak to someone about their innermost problems can be off-putting. In this respect, CCBT especially if delivered online can be a good option. Randomized controlled trials have proven its effectiveness, and in February 2006 the UK's National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence NICE recommended that CCBT be made available for use within the NHS across England and Wales, for patients presenting with mild/moderate depression, rather than immediately opting for antidepressant medication.20 A new UK government initiative for tackling Mental Health issues21 has recently been launched by the Care Services Improvement Partnership.22 This confirms Primary Care Trust PCT responsibilities in delivering the NICE Technology Appraisal on CCBT. National Director for Mental Health, Professor Louis Appleby CBE23 has confirmed that by 31 March 2007 PCTs should have ST Solutions' FearFighter and Ultrasis' Beating the Blues CCBT products in place and the NICE Guidelines should be met. Some areas have developed, or are trialing, other CCBT products notably Outreach-online24 developed in-house by the NHS and currently being trialed in North Wales UK. In the United States, a Chicago-based company Prevail Health Solutions, LLC is leading the development of computerized Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Their products are not yet offered to the general population, but currently there are ongoing clinical trials to determine efficacy in the treatment of several mental health disorders. CBT's influence in contemporary literature NYC-based author Tao Lin has published a collection of poetry entitled cognitive-behavioral therapy 2008 which references many of CBT's main points, specifically that thoughts cause feelings, and so feelings can be changed by changing one's thoughts. Similarities with Buddhism, in that regard, are referenced throughout the book. Notable Behavioral Theorists Albert Bandura Arnold A. Lazarus Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner Edward Thorndike John B. Watson Joseph Wolpe Notable Contributors to Modern Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Aaron T. Beck Albert Ellis Paula Barrett David D. Burns Windy Dryden Albert Bandura Edna B Foa Prolonged Exposure Therapy Arnold A. Lazarus Isaac Marks Martin Seligman Steven C. Hayes Marsha Linehan William Glasser Related Techniques Therapies Behavioral activation BA Cognitive Therapy CT Computerised Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CCBT Cognitive analytic therapy CAT Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy REBT Cognitive-behavior Modification Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Reality Therapy Applied Behavioral Analysis Behavior Modification Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy Contingency Management Dialectical Behavior Therapy DBT Direct therapeutic exposure Exposure and response prevention Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy Multimodal Therapy Relapse Prevention Self Instructional Training Systematic desensitization Prolonged Exposure Therapy References ^ A Guide to Understanding Cognitive and Behavioural Psychotherapies British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies. Retrieved on 2007-1-11 ^ a b Ellis, Albert 1975. A New Guide to Rational Living. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-370650-8. ^ Beck, Aaron T. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. International Universities Press Inc., 1975. ISBN 0-8236-0990-1 ^ Group Therapy. Stress and Anxiety Services of New Jersey. Retrieved on 2006-06-25. ^ What is CBT? ...What's in a Name?. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Retrieved on 2007-01-11. ^ Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th ion, page 247. 2001, John Wiley Sons, Inc. ^ Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th ion, page 248. 2001, John Wiley Sons, Inc. ^ Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, Abnormal Psychology, 8th ion, pages 249. 2001, John Wiley Sons, Inc. ^ Abramson, L., Seligman, M.E.P. Teasdale, J. 1978. Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87 pp49-74 ^ Abramson, L. et al: Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression, Psychol Rev 96:358, 1989. ^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-78949780048-2 ^ Keller, M. et al. A Comparison of Nefazodone, the Cognitive Behavioral-Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and Their Combination for the Treatment of Chronic Depression. New England Journal of Medicine Volume 342:1462-1470 May 18, 2000. ^ The Depression Report: A New Deal for Depression and Anxiety Disorders. The Centre for Economic Performance's Mental Health Policy Group 2006-06-19. Retrieved on 2006-06-25. ^ Treatment Recommendations for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Second ion. American Psychiatric Association 2000. Retrieved on 2006-07-02. ^ Morgan K; Dixon S, Mathers N, Thompson J, Tomeny M Feb 2004. Psychological treatment for insomnia in the regulation of long-term hypnotic drug use PDF. Health Technol Assess 8 8: 1-68. National Institute for Health Research. PMID 14960254. ^ www.lulu.com/content/1800043 Biofeedback You Are In Control, Dr.Yigal Gliksman. ^ 2005-12-05 in Kendall, Philip C. ed.: Child and Adolescent Therapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Procedures, 3rd, Guilford Press. ISBN 1-59385-113-8. ^ 2003-05-02 in Reinecke, Mark A.; Dattilio, Frank M.; Freeman, A. eds.: Cognitive Therapy with Children and Adolescents: A Casebook for Clinical Practice, 2nd, Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-853-2. ^ 2006 Chapter 7, Cognitive Interventions, in Briere, John; Scott, Catherine eds.: Principles of Trauma Therapy. Sage, 109-119. ISBN 0-7619-2921-5. ^ National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2006. Depression and anxiety - computerised cognitive behavioural therapy. ^ http://www.mhchoice.csip.org.uk/psychological-therapies/computerised-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-ccbt.html ^ CSIP: Home ^ Louis Appleby CBE School of Medicine - University of Manchester ^ Outreach-online, CBT@Home - CCBT and Guided Online Self-Help for Stress, Anxiety Depression Further reading Beck, A., Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders, NY: Penguin, 1993. ISBN 9780452009288 Dryden, Windy. Ten Steps to Positive Living. Sheldon Press, 1994. Burns, David D. Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy. Revised ion. Avon, 1999. ISBN 0-380-81033-6 Ellis, Albert. Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1573928793 Tanner, Susan and Ball, Jillian. Beating the Blues: a Self-help Approach to Overcoming Depression. 1989/2001. ISBN 0-646-36622-X McCullough Jr., James P. Treatment for Chronic Depression: Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy CBASP. Guilford Press, 2003. ISBN 1-57230-965-2 Albano, M. Kearney, Ca., 2000 When children refuse school: a cognitive behavioral therapy approach: Therapist guide. Psychological Corporation. Deblinger, E. Heflin, A. 1996 Treating sexually abused children and their non-offending parents: a cognitive behavioral approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication. Leahy, R L and Holland, S J 2000 Treatment Plans and Interventions for Depression and Anxiety Disorders. New York: Guilford External links Emergent Thinking What to Expect in CBT from the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies ABCT CBT Podcasts The Jove Institute Cognitive Therapy Today An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy CBT The Royal College of Psychiatrists' cognitive therapy leaflet REBT Network Marks, Isaac 2003. Review of Introducing Cognitive Analytic Therapy. Principles and Practice by Ryle and Kerr. British Journal of Psychiatry. Retrieved on 2006-07-12. Moodgym. Australian National University. Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Free online CBT training program for preventing depression. Living Life to the Full. Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Free online CBT life skills course, sponsored by Scottish Executive Health Department Centre for Change and Innovation Mental Health Foundation report on the use of CCBT International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health Guide to using CBT to treat depression A Guide to Understanding Cognitive and Behavioural Psychotherapies Professional Organizations Institutes Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies ABCT Academy of Cognitive Therapy The Albert Ellis Institute The Jove Institute Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research William Glasser Institute The Lazarus Institute The British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies v d e Psychology Portal · History · Psychologist Research Affective · Biological · Clinical · Cognitive · Cognitive neuroscience · Comparative · Critical · Cultural · Developmental · Evolutionary · Experimental · Individual differences · International · Liberation · Mathematical · Media · Medical · Neuropsychology · Performance · Personality · Physiological · Political · Positive · Psycholinguistics · Psychopathology · Psychophysics · Psychophysiology · Qualitative · Quantitative · Social · Theoretical Psi Applied Assessment · Clinical · Counseling · Educational · Forensic · Health · Industrial/organizational · Legal · Relationship counseling · School · Sport · Systems Orientations Analytical · Behaviorism · Cognitivism · Cognitive behavioral · Descriptive · Existential · Family systems · Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy · Feminist · Gestalt · Humanistic · Metapsychology · Narrative · Psychoanalysis · Psychodynamic · Transpersonal Seminal writers B.F. Skinner · Jean Piaget · Sigmund Freud · Otto Rank · Albert Bandura · Leon Festinger · Carl Rogers · Stanley Schachter · Neal E. Miller · Edward Thorndike · Abraham Maslow · Gordon Allport · Erik Erikson · Hans Eysenck · William James · David McClelland · Albert Ellis · Aaron T. Beck · Raymond Cattell · John B. Watson · Kurt Lewin · Donald O. Hebb · George A. Miller · Clark L. Hull · Jerome Kagan · Carl Jung · Ivan Pavlov Lists Topics · Counseling · Disciplines · Psychiatric drugs · Neurological disorders · Organizations · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Publications · Research methods · Schools of theory · Timeline Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy Categories: Psychotherapy | Cognitive therapy | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Clinical psychology | Psychiatric treatmentsHidden categories: Pages needing expert attention | Uncategorized pages needing expert attention | Cleanup from August 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2008 | Articles with statements since July 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch Español Français Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 9 September 2008, at 12:38
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