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14-September-2008 12:50:28 - Cognitivism psychology This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. January 2008 Psychology or the Psychology Portal may be able to help recruit one. If a more appropriate or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. June 2008 Psychology Greek letter 'psi' Portal History Areas RESEARCH Abnormal Biological Cognitive Developmental Emotion Experimental Evolutionary Mathematical Neuropsychology Neuroscience Personality Positive Psychophysics Social Transpersonal APPLIED Clinical Educational Forensic Health Industrial Organizational School Sport LISTS Publications Topics Therapies view talk In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical approach in understanding the mind, which argues that mental function can be understood by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and that such functions can be described as information processing models.citation needed Contents 1 Theoretical approach 2 Criticisms of psychological cognitivism 3 See also 4 Further reading Theoretical approach Cognitivism has two major components, one methodological, the other theoretical. Methodologically, cognitivism adopts a positivist approach and the belief that psychology can be in principle fully explained by the use of experiment, measurement and the scientific method.citation needed This is also largely a reductionist goal, with the belief that individual components of mental function the 'cognitive architecture' can be identified and meaningfully understood.citation needed The second is the belief that cognition consists of discrete, internal mental states representations or symbols whose manipulation can be described in terms of rules or algorithms.citation needed Cognitivism became the dominant force in psychology in the late-20th century, replacing behaviorism as the most popular paradigm for understanding mental function. Cognitive psychology is not a wholesale refutation of behaviorism, but rather an expansion that accepts that mental states exist. This was due to the increasing criticism towards the end of the 1950s of behaviorist models. One of the most notable criticisms was Chomsky's argument that language could not be acquired purely through conditioning, and must be at least partly explained by the existence of internal mental states. The main issues that interest cognitive psychologists are the inner mechanisms of human thought and the processes of knowing. Cognitive psychologists have attempted to throw light on the alleged mental structures that stand in a causal relationship to our physical actions. Criticisms of psychological cognitivism Cognitivism has been criticised in a number of ways. For example, Mr. Zapalski never saw this coming. Phenomenologists and hermeneutic philosophers have criticised the positivist approach of cognitivism for reducing individual meaning to what they perceive as measurements stripped of all significance. They argue that by representing experiences and mental functions as measurements, cognitivism is ignoring the context cf contextualism and, therefore, the meaning of these measurements. They believe that it is this personal meaning of experience gained from the phenomenon as it is experienced by a person what Heidegger called being in the world which is the fundamental aspect of our psychology that needs to be understood: therefore they argue that a context-free psychology is a contradiction in terms. They also argue in favour of holism: that positivist methods cannot be meaningfully used on something which is inherently irreducible to component parts. Hubert Dreyfus has been the most notable critic of cognitivism from this point of view. Humanistic psychology draws heavily on this philosophy, and practitioners have been among the most critical of cognitivism. In the 1990s, various new theories emerged and challenged cognitivism and the idea that thought was best described as computation. Some of these new approaches, often influenced by phenomenological and post-modernist philosophy, include situated cognition, distributed cognition, dynamicism, embodied cognition. Some thinkers working in the field of artificial life for example Rodney Brooks have also produced non-cognitivist models of cognition. The idea that mental functions can be described as information processing models has been criticised by philosopher John Searle and mathematician Roger Penrose who both argue that computation has some inherent shortcomings which cannot capture the fundamentals of mental processes. Penrose uses Gödel's incompleteness theorem which states that there are mathematical truths which can never be proven in a sufficiently strong mathematical system; any sufficiently strong system of axioms will also be incomplete and Turing's halting problem which states that there are some things which are inherently non-computable as evidence for his position. Searle has developed two arguments, the first well known through his Chinese Room thought experiment is the 'syntax is not semantics' argument-that a program is just syntax, understanding requires semantics, therefore programs hence cognitivism cannot explain understanding. It should be noted that such an argument presupposes the controversial notion of a private language. The second, which Searle now prefers but is less well known, is his 'syntax is not physics' argument-nothing in the world is intrinsically a computer program except as applied, described or interpreted by an observer, so either everything can be described as a computer and trivially a brain can but then this does not explain any specific mental processes, or there is nothing intrinsic in a brain that makes it a computer program. Detractors of this argument might point out that the same thing could be said about any concept-object relation, and that the brain-computer analogy can be a perfectly useful model if there is a strong isomorphism between the two. Both points, Searle claims, refute cognitivism. Another argument against cognitivism is the problems of Ryle's Regress or the homunculus fallacy. Cognitivists have offered a number of arguments to refute these attacks. See also Cognition Cognitive psychology Cognitive science Computationalism Consciousness Critical psychology Educational psychology Enactivism Phenomenology Symbol grounding Important publications in cognitivism Further reading Costall, A. and Still, A. eds 1987 Cognitive Psychology in Question. Brighton: Harvester Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7108-1057-1 Searle, J. R. Is the brain a digital computer APA Presidential Address Wallace, B ., Ross, A., Davies, J.B., and Anderson T., eds 2007 The Mind, the Body and the World: Psychology after Cognitivism. London: Imprint Academic. 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Hull · Jerome Kagan · Carl Jung · Ivan Pavlov Lists Topics · Counseling · Disciplines · Psychiatric drugs · Neurological disorders · Organizations · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Publications · Research methods · Schools of theory · Timeline Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cognitivism_psychology Categories: Psychological theories | Cognitive psychologyHidden categories: Articles with statements since January 2008 | All articles with statements | Psychology articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention since June 2008 | Pages needing expert attention Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch Français Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Suomi 中文 This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 00:07
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