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14-September-2008 12:50:28 - religion The Major religious groups of the world. The Major religious groups of the world. Map showing the prevalence of Abrahamic purple, Indian dark yellow, and Taoic light yellow religions in each country. Map showing the prevalence of Abrahamic purple, Indian dark yellow, and Taoic light yellow religions in each country. Comparative religion is a field of religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes, myths, rituals and concepts among the world's religions. Religion can be defined as Human beings' relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, spiritual, or divine.1 In the field of comparative religion, the main world religions are generally classified as either Abrahamic, Indian or Taoic. Areas of study also include creation myths and Humanism. Contents 1 Abrahamic religions 1.1 Comparing Abrahamic religions 2 Indian religions 2.1 Comparing Dharmic religions 3 Taoic religions 3.1 Comparing Taoic religions 4 Comparing between traditions 5 Mysticism and Esotericism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Abrahamic religions Main article: Abrahamic religion In the study of comparative religion, the category of Abrahamic religions consists of the three monotheistic religions, Christianity, Islam and Judaism, which claim Abraham Hebrew Avraham ×?ַבְרָהָ×? ; Arabic Ibrahim ابراهيم as a part of their sacred history. Other religions such as the Bahá'à Faith that fit this description are sometimes included but also often omitted.2 The original belief in the One God of Abraham eventually became present-day Judaism. Christians believe that Christianity is the fulfillment and continuation of the Jewish Old Testament, with Jesus as the messiah of Old Testament prophecy and subsequent New Testament teachings and continued prophecy. Islam believes the present Christian and Jewish scriptures have been modified over time and are no longer the original divine revelations as given to Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. For Muslims the Qur'an is the final revelation from God, with Muhammad as his messenger for its transmission. Comparing Abrahamic religions The Tomb of Abraham, cenotaph above the cave traditionally considered to be the burial place of Abraham in the Cave of the Patriarchs. The Tomb of Abraham, cenotaph above the cave traditionally considered to be the burial place of Abraham in the Cave of the Patriarchs. Christianity and Judaism are two closely related Abrahamic religions that in some ways parallel each other and in other ways fundamentally diverge in theology and practice. The article on Judeo-Christian tradition emphasizes continuities and convergences between the two religions. The article on Christianity and Judaism compares the different views held by both religions. Main article: Christianity and Judaism Further information: Judeo-Christian and Supersessionism The historical interaction of Islam and Judaism started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam. There are many common aspects between Islam and Judaism, and as Islam developed it gradually became the major religion closest to Judaism. As opposed to Christianity which originated from interaction between ancient Greek and Hebrew cultures, Judaism is very similar to Islam in its fundamental religious outlook, structure, jurisprudence and practice.3 There are many traditions within Islam originating from traditions within the Hebrew Bible or from postbiblical Jewish traditions. These practices are known collectively as the Isra'iliyat.4 Main article: Islam and Judaism Further information: People of the Book, Tahrif, Biblical narratives and the Qur'an, and Judeo-Islamic philosophies 800 - 1400 The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam. Islam and Christianity share their origins in the Abrahamic tradition, although Christianity predates Islam by centuries. Islam accepts many aspects of Christianity as part of its faith - with some differences in interpretation - and rejects other aspects. Islam believes the Qur'an is the final revelation from God and a completion of all previous revelations, including the Bible. It remains to be seen how, since all three predict some kind of messianic return age, this will work out to resolve their differences. Main article: Christianity and Islam Further information: Biblical narratives and the Qur'an, People of the Book and Tahrif Indian religions Main article: Indian religions There are a number of religions that have originated on the Indian subcontinent. They encompass Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. The religion of the Vedic period is the historical predecessor of the Hindu religion. The Vedic and the Sramana tradition co-existed and influenced each other since pre-historic times. Jainism and Buddhism are a continuation of the Sramana tradition. Buddhism further diversified, into Chinese and Japanese schools. Comparing Dharmic religions The Rig Veda is one of the oldest Vedic texts. Shown here is a Rig Veda manuscript in Devanagari, early nineteenth century. The Rig Veda is one of the oldest Vedic texts. Shown here is a Rig Veda manuscript in Devanagari, early nineteenth century. Main article: Buddhism and Hinduism Further information: Buddha as an Avatar of Vishnu and God in Buddhism Buddhism and Hinduism are both post-Vedic religions. Gautama Buddha is mentioned as an Avatar of Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism. Some Hindus believe the Buddha accepted and incorporated many tenets of Hinduism in his doctrine, however, Buddhists disagree and state there was no such thing as Hinduism at the time of Buddha and in fact, Indeed, it absorbed so many Buddhist traits that it is virtually impossible to distinguish the latter in medieval and later Hinduism.5 Prominent Hindu reformers such as Gandhi6 and Vivekananda7 acknowledge Buddhist influence. Main article: Buddhism and Jainism Further information: Shramana Buddhism and Jainism are the two branches of the Shramana tradition that still exist today. Until recently Jainism was largely confined to India, while Buddhism has largely flourished outside of India. However the two traditions share remarkable similarities. In his life, the Buddha undertook many fasts, penances and austerities, the descriptions of which are elsewhere found only in the Jain tradition. Ultimately Buddha abandoned these methods on his discovery of the Middle Way or Magga. To this day, many Buddhist teachings, principles, and terms used in Buddhism are identical to those of Jainism, but they may hold very different meanings for each. Hinduism and Sikhism have had a long and complex relationship. Views range from Sikhism being a distinct faith in itself to Sikhism being a sect of Hinduism. A vast majority of Sikhs oppose the notion that Sikhism is a sect of Hinduism, while others stress the similarities, but recognise that the religions are distinct. Main article: Hinduism and Sikh Panth Jainism and Sikhism have both originated in South Asia and are Eastern philosophical faiths. Jainism, like Buddhism, rejected the authority of the Vedas and created independent textual traditions based on the words and examples of their early teachers. Taoic religions Main article: Taoic religion Further information: Tao and De The Chinese character depicting Tao, the central concept in Taoism. The Chinese character depicting Tao, the central concept in Taoism. A Taoic religion is a religion, or religious philosophy, that focuses on the East Asian concept of Tao The Way. This forms a large group of religions including Taoism, Confucianism, Jeung San Do, Shinto, Yiguandao, Chondogyo, Chen Tao and Caodaism. In large parts of East Asia, Buddhism has taken on some taoic features. Tao can be roughly stated to be the flow of the universe, or the force behind the natural order. It is believed to be the influence that keeps the universe balanced and ordered and is associated with nature, due to a belief that nature demonstrates the Tao. The flow of Chi, as the essential energy of action and existence, is compared to the universal order of Tao. Following the Tao is also associated with a proper attitude, morality and lifestyle. This is intimately tied to the complex concept of De, or literally virtue. De is the active expression of Tao. Taoism and Ch'an Buddhism for centuries had a mutual influence on each other in China, Korea and Vietnam. These influences were inherited by Zen-Buddhism when Ch'an Buddhism arrived in Japan and adapted as Zen-Buddhism. Comparing Taoic religions Taoism and other religions Comparing between traditions Main article: Comparing Eastern and Western religious traditions Further information: prehistoric religion, religions of the Ancient Near East, Proto-Indo-Iranian religion and Proto-Indo-European religion Buddhism Buddhism and Taoic religions Buddhism and Christianity Christianity Christianity and other religions Buddhism and Christianity Confucianism Confucianism and Hinduism Hinduism Hinduism and other religions Hinduism and Confucianism Islam Islam and other religions Islam and Jainism Jainism Jainism and Islam Taoism Taoism and other religions Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism and other religions Mysticism and Esotericism Kabbala Judaism Gnosticism Christianity Sufism Islam Magi Zoroastrianism Yoga, Chakra Hinduism Vajrayana Buddhism Tantra Hinduism, Buddhism Ideal perfection: Baqa Sufism, 'Najat' Islam, 'Nirvana' Buddhism, 'Salvation' Christianity, and 'Mukti' Hinduism. Thelema See also Comparative mythology Hierographology Inclusivism Institute for Interreligious Dialogue List of religions Religion Religious pluralism Traditionalist School References June 2007 ^ What is Religion? Definitions and Quotes. ^ Why Abrahamic? Lubar Institute for the Study of the Abrahamic Religions at the University of Wisconsin ^ Rabbi David Rosen, Jewish-Muslim Relations, Past and Present, November 2003 ^ Rabbi Justin Jaron Lewis, Islam and Judaism, October 2001 ^ MLA style: monasticism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Aug. 2007 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38700. ^ owes on eternal debt of gratitude to that great teacher,Mahatma Gandhi and Buddhism Y.P. Anand An Encounter with Buddhism http://www.iop.or.jp/0414/anand.pdf ^ He is the ideal Karma-Yogi, acting entirely without motive, and the history of humanity shows him to have been the greatest man ever born; beyond compare the greatest combination of heart and brain that ever existed, the greatest soul-power that has ever been manifested. Essay, Ideal Karma Yogi http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/5208/karmayoga/ideal.html Further reading Ankerl, Guy 2000. Global communication without universal civilization, INU societal research Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5. External links ReligiousTolerance.org Academicinfo.net ReligionFacts.com Comparative-religion.com Studies in Comparative Religion Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Comparative_religion Categories: Religious comparisonHidden category: Articles needing additional references from June 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Français Magyar Português ไทย ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 9 September 2008, at 05:23
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