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14-September-2008 12:50:29 - Cranial nerves Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Although thirteen cranial nerves in humans fit this description, twelve are conventionally recognized. The nerves from the third onward arise from the brain stem. Except for the tenth and the eleventh nerve, they primarily serve the motor and sensory systems of the head and neck region. However, unlike peripheral nerves which are separated to achieve segmental innervation, cranial nerves are divided to serve one or a few specific functions in wider anatomical territories. Contents 1 Names of Nerves 2 Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates 3 Mnemonic devices 4 See also 5 External links 6 References Names of Nerves The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are traditionally abbreviated by the corresponding Roman numerals. They are numbered according to where their nuclei lie in the brain stem, e.g. Cranial Nerve III the Oculomotor nerve leaves the brainstem at a higher position than Cranial nerve XII, whose origin is located more caudally lower than the other cranial nerves. # Name Nuclei Function 0 Cranial nerve zero CN0 is not traditionally recognized.1 olfactory trigone, medial olfactory gyrus, and lamina terminalis Still controversial New research indicates CN0 may play a role in the detection of pheromones 23 I Olfactory nerve Anterior olfactory nucleus Transmits the sense of smell; Located in olfactory foramina of ethmoid II Optic nerve Lateral geniculate nucleus Transmits visual information to the brain; Located in optic canal III Oculomotor nerve Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus Innervates levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, which collectively perform most eye movements; Located in superior orbital fissure IV Trochlear nerve Trochlear nucleus Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, pulls laterally, and intorts the eyeball; Located in superior orbital fissure V Trigeminal nerve Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication; Located in superior orbital fissure ophthalmic branch, foramen rotundum maxillary branch, and foramen ovale mandibular branch VI Abducens nerve Abducens nucleus Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye; Located in superior orbital fissure VII Facial nerve Facial nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Superior salivary nucleus Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and stapedius, receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands except parotid and the lacrimal gland; Located and runs through internal acoustic canal to facial canal and exits at stylomastoid foramen VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory-vestibular nerve or statoacustic nerve Vestibular nuclei, Cochlear nuclei Senses sound, rotation and gravity essential for balance movement; Located in internal acoustic canal IX Glossopharyngeal nerve Nucleus ambiguus, Inferior salivary nucleus, Solitary nucleus Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus essential for tactile, pain, and thermal sensationcitation needed. Sensation is relayed to opposite thalamus and some hypothalamic nuclei. Located in jugular foramen X Vagus nerve Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, Solitary nucleus Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles; provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure; and receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia swallowing problems. Located in jugular foramen XI Accessory nerve or cranial accessory nerve or spinal accessory nerve Nucleus ambiguus, Spinal accessory nucleus Controls muscles of the neck and overlaps with functions of the vagus. Examples of symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement, velopharyngeal insufficiency; Located in jugular foramen XII Hypoglossal nerve Hypoglossal nucleus Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue and other glossal muscles. Important for swallowing bolus formation and speech articulation. Located in hypoglossal canal Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates Human cranial nerves are evolutionarily homologous to those found in many other vertebrates. Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes non-amphibian tetrapods thus totalling twelve pairs. These characters are synapomorphies for their respective clades. In some primitive cartilagenous fishes, such as the dogfish Squalus acanthias, there is a terminal nerve numbered zero as it exits the brain before the first cranial nerve. Mnemonic devices As the list is important to keep in mind during the examination of the nervous system, there are many mnemonic devices in circulation to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves. Because the mind recalls rhymes well, the best mnemonics often use rhyming schemes. The best known example is, On Old Olympus' Towering Tops A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops,4 where And represents auditory vestibular and Some represents spinal accessory. For additional memonics, see b:Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves See also Cranial nerve nucleus List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves External links Examination of the cranial nerves - University of Toronto Medicine Norman/Georgetown cranialnerves CN Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com Information about the Cranial Nerves References January 2008 ^ Fuller GN, Burger PC. Nervus terminalis cranial nerve zero in the adult human. Clin Neuropathol 9, no. 6 Nov-Dec 1990: 279-283. ^ Merideth, Michael. Human Vomeronasal Organ Function. Oxford Journals: Chemical Senses, 2001. ^ Fields, R. Douglas. Sex and the Secret Nerve. Scientific American Mind, February 2007. ^ Herlevich NE 1990. Reflecting on old Olympus' towering tops. Journal of ophthalmic nursing technology 9 6: 245-6. PMID 2254946. Retrieved on 2007-11-06. v d e Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei olfactory AON-I olfactory bulb - olfactory tract optic LGN-II optic chiasm - optic tract oculomotor ON,EWN-III superior branch parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion - inferior branch trochlear TN-IV no significant branches trigeminal PSN,TSN,MN,TMN-V trigeminal ganglion ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens AN-VI no significant branches facial FMN,SN,SSN-VII near origin nervus intermedius geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion - nerve to the stapedius - chorda tympani lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular - suprahyoid digastric, stylohyoid - parotid plexus temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical vestibulocochlear VN,CN-VIII cochlear striae medullares, lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa's ganglion glossopharyngeal NA,ISN,SN-IX before jugular fossa ganglia superior, inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal, otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus vagus NA,DNVN,SN-X before jugular fossa ganglia superior, inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch - auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus - superior laryngeal external, internal - recurrent laryngeal inferior - superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac - pulmonary - vagal trunks anterior, posterior abdomen celiac - renal - hepatic - anterior gastric - posterior gastric accessory NA,SAN-XI cranial - spinal hypoglossal HN-XII lingual branches Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cranial_nerves Categories: Peripheral nervous system | Cranial nervesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since September 2008 | Articles needing additional references from January 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Dansk Deutsch Español Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 00:34
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