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14-September-2008 12:50:29 - Crime mapping Crime mapping is used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns. It is a key component of crime analysis and the CompStat policing strategy. Mapping crime, using Geographic Information Systems GIS, allows crime analysts to identify crime hot spots, along with other trends and patterns. Criminology and Penology Theories Anomie Differential Association Theory Deviance Labeling Theory Rational Choice Theory Social Control Theory Social Disorganization Theory Social Learning Theory Strain Theory Subcultural Theory Symbolic Interactionism · Victimology Types of crimes Blue-collar crime · Corporate crime Juvenile crime Organized crime Political crime · Public order crime Public order case law in the U.S. State crime · State-corporate crime White-collar crime · Victimless crime Plaid-collar crime Penology Deterrence · Prison Prison reform · Prisoner abuse Prisoners' rights · Rehabilitation Recidivism · Retribution Utilitarianism Criminal justice portal See also: Wikibooks:Social Deviance This box: view talk Contents 1 Overview 2 Applications of crime mapping 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Overview Using GIS, crime analysts can overlay other datasets such as census demographics, locations of pawn shops, schools, etc., to better understand the underlying causes of crime and help law enforcement administrators to devise strategies to deal with the problem. GIS is also useful for law enforcement operations, such as allocating police officers and dispatching to emergencies. Underlying theories that help explain spatial behavior of criminals include environmental criminology, which was devised in the 1980s by Patricia and Paul Brantingham, routine activity theory, developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson and originally published in 1979, and rational choice theory, developed by Ronald V. Clarke and Derek Cornish, originally published in 1986. In recent years, crime mapping and analysis has incorporated spatial data analysis techniques that add statistical rigor and address inherent limitations of spatial data, including spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial data analysis helps one analyze crime data and better understand why and not just where crime is occurring. Applications of crime mapping Crime analysts use crime mapping and analysis to help law enforcement management e.g. the police chief to make better decisions, target resources, and formulate strategies, as well as for tactical analysis e.g. crime forecasting, geographic profiling. New York City does this through the CompStat approach, though that way of thinking deals more with the short term. There are other, related approaches with terms including Information-led policing, Intelligence-led policing, Problem-oriented policing, and Community policing. In some law enforcement agencies, crime analysts work in civilian positions, while in other agencies, crime analysts are sworn officers. From a research and policy perspective, crime mapping is used to understand patterns of incarceration and recidivism, help target resources and programs, evaluate crime prevention or crime reduction programs e.g. Project Safe Neighborhoods, Weed Seed and as proposed in Fixing Broken Windows, and further understanding of causes of crime. See also Michael Maltz Public Participation GIS References July 2008 Further reading Brantingham, Paul J., Patricia L. Brantingham eds 1981. Environmental Criminology. Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-539-8. Chainey, Spencer, Jerry Ratcliffe 2005. GIS and Crime Mapping. John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0-470-86099-5. Cohen, Lawrence E., Marcus Felson 1979. Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review 44: 588-607. doi:10.2307/2094589. Cornish, Derek, Ronald V. Clarke 1986. The Reasoning Criminal. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-96272-7. External links Mapping Analysis for Public Safety MAPS - National Institute of Justice NIJ Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science v d e Visualization Fields Creative visualization · Chemical imaging · Crime mapping · Data visualization · Educational visualization · Flow visualization · Geovisualization · Information visualization · Medical imaging · Music visualization · Product visualization · Scientific visualization · Software visualization · Volume visualization Image types Chart · Computer graphics · Diagram · Graph of a function · Ideogram · Illustration · Information graphics · Map · Photograph · Pictogram · Statistical graphics · Table · Technical drawing Experts Jacques Bertin · Stuart Card · Thomas A. DeFanti · Michael Friendly · Nigel Holmes · Jock D. Mackinlay · Michael Maltz · Bruce H. McCormick · Charles Joseph Minard · Otto Neurath · William Playfair · Clifford A. Pickover · Arthur H. Robinson · Lawrence J. Rosenblum · Adolphe Quetelet · George G. Robertson · Ben Shneiderman · Edward Tufte Related topics Cartography · Computer graphics · Graph drawing · Graphic design · Imaging science · Information science · Mental visualisation · Neuroimaging · Spatial analysis · Visual analytics · Visual communication · Visual perception Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Crime_mapping Categories: Geographic information systems | Human geography | Law enforcement techniquesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2008 | All articles lacking sources Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 5 September 2008, at 00:31
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