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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Dark therapy The references used in this article may be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. This article is about the medical uses for the absence of light. For alternative uses see Darkness disambiguation. Dark therapy is an experimental treatment which involves eliminating all light in the subject's environment, for a period of six to sixteen hours per day, in combination with a regular sleep schedule. Dark therapy manipulates circadian rhythms acting on hormones and neurotransmitters. It has been proposed recently 2005 to combine the chronobiological manipulations of light/dark and/or sleep/wake therapies with psychopharmacological medication. In the words of Anna Wirz-Justice: Light therapy has undergone widespread controlled randomized clinical trials, and wake therapy has been so widely studied over decades that the efficacy data are strong. These nonpharmaceutical, biologically based therapies are not only powerful adjuvants, but also antidepressants in their own right. Page 223 Pilot studies suggest that the simple measure of promoting long nights more rest, more sleep, no light can stop rapid cycling in bipolar patients, or diminish manic symptoms -- intriguing findings that require replication. Page 226 Contents 1 Clinical pharmacology 2 Bipolar disorder treatment 3 Other conditions 4 Virtual darkness 5 Side effects 6 Treatment constraints 7 References 8 See also 9 External links Clinical pharmacology Researchers hypothesize that benefits of being in the dark are due to melatonin production by the pineal gland, which occurs when the eyes are deprived of light,12 as shown during controlled light-dark cycles, even for some blind subjects, indicating that melanopsin is responsible for circadian entrainment in humans.3 Bipolar disorder treatment A single small scale study done in Hospital San Raffaele of Milan, Italy, concluded that chronobiological interventions and control of environmental stimuli can be a useful add-on for the treatment of acute mania in a hospital setting. 4 Further examinations were done on single patients, and are reported on the link regarding 24hr biological clocks 5. A study regarding 48 hour cycles has also been reported 6 Other conditions Dark therapy has also been tried in combination with bright light therapy, etc for other conditions where seasonal exacerbation of symptoms are notable, such as nocturnal asthma and associated depression, migraine, dyssomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.7 Melatonin secreted is preventative in cancer, and supportive of bone metabolism, immune function and detoxification.8Melatonin has also been cited to reduce hypertension, produce better sleep for those with insomnia, and acts as an antioxidant.9 Virtual darkness By using amber lenses, researchers were able to block blue spectrum light, which affected physiology of human circadian rhythm ... suggesting a circadian effect. This effect was previously noted with amber-tinted safety glasses which preserve normal nocturnal melatonin levels in a light environment which otherwise completely suppresses melatonin production. PMID 17637502 Side effects No side effects have been officially reported for dark therapy. Treatment constraints When having dark hours at home or in hospital, patients will often be exposed to fewer light-hours than in their usual environment, thus requiring a light tight environment. Light from most sources could disrupt dark therapy. Also, it is necessary to have dark therapy hours at specified times during each day. References Dark therapy for bipolar disorder using amber lenses for blue light blockade. PMID 17637502 Wirz-Justice, Anna. Chronobiological strategies for unmet needs in the treatment of depression. MEDICOGRAPHIA, VOL 27, No. 3, 2005 p. 223-227 10 Human circadian rhythms: physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrievedb=pubmedlist_uids= 17022876dopt=Abstract PubMed Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrievedb=pubmedlist_uids= 15589268dopt=Abstract PubMed Light-dark cycle synchronization of circadian rhythm in blind primates. Journal of Circadian Rhythms 2005, 3:10 6 September 2005 Dark therapy for mania: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord. 2005 Feb;71:98-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrievedb=pubmedlist_uids= 15654938dopt=Abstract PubMed Neurobiological Findings Before and During Lithium of a Bipolar Patient with Rapid Cycling http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrievedb=pubmedlist_uids= 11893872dopt=Abstract PubMed Magnesium depletion with hypo- or hyper- function of the biological clock may be involved in chronopathological forms of asthma. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrievedb=pubmedlist_uids= 15945613dopt=Abstract PubMed Therapeutic treatments potentially mediated by melatonin receptors: potential clinical uses in the prevention of osteoporosis, cancer and as an adjuvant therapy. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrievedb=pubmedlist_uids= 17014686dopt=Abstract PubMed Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrievedb=pubmedlist_uids= 15589268dopt=Abstract PubMed See also Benzodiazepine Clinical depression Light therapy Migraine Sleep hygiene Sunglasses External links PhotoperiodEffect Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Dark_therapy Categories: Circadian rhythms | Mental health | Sleep | TherapyHidden category: references cleanup Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 3 June 2008, at 07:32
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