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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Death drive All or part of this article may be confusing or unclear. Please help clarify the article. Suggestions may be on the talk page. December 2006 August 2008 Part of a series of articles on Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Concepts Psychosexual development Psychosocial development Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Psychic apparatus Id, ego, and super-ego Libido Drive Transference Ego defenses Resistance Important figures Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler Otto Rank Anna Freud Margaret Mahler Karen Horney Jacques Lacan Ronald Fairbairn Melanie Klein Harry Stack Sullivan Erik Erikson Nancy Chodorow Susan Sutherland Isaacs Ernest Jones Heinz Kohut Important works The Interpretation of Dreams Beyond the Pleasure Principle Civilization and Its Discontents Schools of thought Self psychology Lacanian Object relations Interpersonal Relational Ego psychology Psychology portal This box: view talk In classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the death drive is the drive towards death, destruction and non-existence. It was first defined by Sigmund Freud in Beyond the Pleasure Principle as an urge inherent in all organic life to restore an earlier state of things. SE 18:36 The death drive opposes Eros, the tendency towards cohesion and unity. The death drive is sometimes referred to as Thanatos in post-Freudian thought, although this term has no basis in Freud's own work. Contents 1 Drive vs. instinct 2 Origins 3 Clinical application 4 Other theorists 5 References 6 See also Drive vs. instinct The Standard ion of Freud's works in English confuses two terms that are different in German, Instinkt instinct and Trieb drive, often translating both as instinct. Freud actually refers to the death instinct as a drive, a force that is not essential to the life of an organism unlike an instinct and tends to denature it or make it behave in ways that are sometimes counter-intuitive. The term is almost universally known in scholarly literature on Freud as the death drive, and Lacanian psychoanalysts often shorten it to simply drive although Freud posited the existence of other drives as well. Origins When Freud worked with people with trauma particularly the trauma experienced by soldiers returning from World War I, he observed that subjects often tended to repeat or re-enact these traumatic experiences, a phenomenon that Freud called repetition compulsion. This appeared to violate the pleasure principle, the drive of an individual to maximize his or her pleasure. Freud found this repetition of unpleasant events in the most ordinary of circumstances, even in children's play such as the celebrated Fort/Da Gone/There game played by Freud's grandson, who would stage and re-stage the disappearance of his mother and even himself. Freud's initial dichotomy between the reality principle Ego and the pleasure principle Id was unable to account for this phenomenon, as well as several other clinical phenomenon, including primary masochism and depression. It was difficult to attribute such non-pleasurable activity to either the self-preserving ego or to the libidinal instincts solely focused on pleasure. He hypothesized a number of causes particularly the idea that we repeat traumatic events in order to master them after the fact, but found them inadequate. Freud began to see masochism as a process that involves the instincts turning against the self change of objects, while at the same time, reversing their content into its opposite reversal of content. Freud acknowledged that while this theoretical construction is of some aid to the theory of instincts, it was quite clear to him that such a theory, solely based on sexual, self-preserving instincts, is insufficient, writing that the true prototypes of the relation of hate are derived not from sexual life, but from the ego's struggle to maintain itself and that hate, as relation to objects, is older than love. To explain this discrepancy, Freud postulated the existence of a fundamental death drive that would counterbalance the tendency of beings to do only what they find pleasurable. Organisms, according to this idea, were driven to return to a pre-organic, inanimate state. In doing so, Freud kept his earlier instinct theory almost intact, while omitting the property of reversal of content used to compensate for non-pleasure-principle behaviours of the sexual instincts, replacing it with a separate instinct of destruction and aggression not influenced by the pleasure principle. Thus, for example, masochism is no longer the reversal of content of the sexual/self-preserving instincts, but rather the change of objects of sadism from external to internal, notably to the ego. Sadism is thus considered a direct manifestation of the death instinct. Clinical application Freud applied this new theoretical construct to the wrongdoings of Western civilization and social life. In particular, he connected aggression directly with the restriction of the instincts from both religious and political institutions, and summed up his analysis by writing that it is clearly not easy for men to give up the satisfaction of this inclination to aggression. Following this thought, he also made a connection between group life and innate aggression, where the former comes together more closely by directing aggression to other groups, an idea later picked up by group analysts like Bion. He also made the point that instinctual aggression is the greatest impediment to civilization, which is in the service of Eros and continues. whose purpose is to combine single human individuals, and after that families, then races, peoples and nations, into one great unity, the unity of mankind. Other theorists or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. August 2008 Klein, Lacan, etc? References See also Destrudo Eros love Suicide Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Death_drive Categories: Death | Freudian psychology | PsychoanalysisHidden categories: articles needing clarification | Articles lacking sources from August 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Articles to be expanded since August 2008 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 19:37
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