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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Deconstruction-and-religion The term deconstruction-and-religion describes a nontheistic mode of thought that proceeds from a theological and deconstructive framework. In terms of dogmatic theology, deconstruction-and-religion ranges from almost certainly atheistic to out-and-out atheistic. Those that take a deconstructive approach to religion identify closely with the work of Jacques Derrida, especially his work later in life. According to Slavoj Žižek, in the mid-to-late 1980s Derrida's work shifted from constituting a radical negative theology to being a form of Kantian idealism.1 John D. Caputo describes Derrida's work in the 1970s as a Nietzschean free play of signifiers while he describes Derrida's work in the 1990s as a religion without religion.2 Contents 1 Undeconstructibility 1.1 Further reading 2 God and deconstruction 3 Différance and negative theology 3.1 Différance is not God 3.2 Further reading 4 Reading strategy 4.1 Active reinterpretation 4.2 Passive reinterpretation 5 John D. Caputo on weak theology 6 Jean-Luc Nancy on self-deconstructed Christianity 7 Bernard Stiegler on the prostheses of faith 8 Writers 9 References 9.1 Primary references 9.2 Secondary references 10 See also 11 External links 11.1 Online reading 11.2 Academic homepages 12 Notes Undeconstructibility Justice by Luca Giordano Justice by Luca Giordano A vital feature of Derrida's work later in life is the notion of undeconstructibility. In Derrida's thought, deconstruction exists in the interval between constructions and undeconstructibility. The primary exemplar of this relationship is the relationship between the law, deconstruction, and justice. Derrida summarizes the relationship by saying that justice is the undeconstructible condition that makes deconstruction possible.3 However, the justice referred to by Derrida is indeterminate and not a transcendent ideal. The law is made up of necessary human constructions while justice is the undeconstructible call to make laws. The law belongs to the realm of the present, possible, and calculable, while justice belongs to the realm of the absent, impossible, and incalculable. Deconstruction bridges the gap between the law and justice as the experience of applying the law in a just manner. Justice demands that a singular occurrence be responded to with a new, uniquely tailored application of the law. Thus, a deconstructive reading of the law is a leap from calculability towards incalculability. In deconstruction, justice takes on the structure of a promise that absence and impossibility can be made present and possible. Insofar as deconstruction is motivated by such a promise, it escapes the traditional presence/absence binary because a promise is neither present nor absent. Therefore, a deconstructive reading will never definitively achieve justice. Justice is always deferred. Further reading Derrida works out his idea of justice in Specters of Marx and in his essay Force of Law in Acts of Religion; he works out his idea of hospitality in Of Hospitality; Similarly for democracy see Rogues: Two Essays on Reason; friendship see The Politics of Friendship; the other see The Gift of Death; the future see Given Time: I. Counterfeit Money. God and deconstruction Deconstruction-and-religion understands religion in terms of what is shared among the Abrahamic faiths. In Derrida's work, there is a suggestive notion of a quasi-religion locatable in the cluster of concepts surrounding the affirmation of that which is experienced as undeconstructible. Derrida's acts of affirmation go by names such as the unconditional without sovereignty, the weak force of the undeconstructible, and the possibility of the impossible. Derrida sometimes suggested that such acts of affirmation can be used to describe God.citation needed Différance and negative theology Derrida saw the God of negative theology as a crude precursor to deconstruction's central concept of différance. However, the God of negative theology is qualitatively different than the idea of différance because the God of negative theology functions as an ultimate, higher reality where différance does not. Différance is not God See also: Différance Central to deconstruction is the idea of différance. Différance is an anarchic nonconcept that makes a conception of language-as-a-play-of-signifiers possible. This French neologism means both differing and deferring, describing in its name its own operation in setting deconstructive language in motion. Prior to différance, all Western conceptual schemes relied on one form or another of a transcendental signifier. A transcendental signifier is any metaphysical, hierarchical principle that presumes to determine which constructions of signifiers are natural or proper. Examples of transcendental signifiers include Truth, God, Allah, Reason, Being, and various political ideologies. Différance is an alternative to and escape from the logic of the transcendental signifier. Because employing the idea of différance precludes the possibility of positing a transcendental signifier, no historical conception of God can survive a deconstructive framework; even the God of negative theology falls short of différance. John D. Caputo has indicated that différance is not God4 and that the God of negative theology is a transcendental ulteriority while différance is a quasi-transcendental anteriority.5 However, negative theology and différance are kindred spirits insofar as they both desire what is absent, impossible, and incalculable. Further reading In the essay Sauf le Nom, Derrida centered his investigation of the notion of God around negative theology and the poetry of Angelus Silesius.6 Reading strategy Abraham Sacrificing Isaac by Laurent de LaHire, 1650 Abraham Sacrificing Isaac by Laurent de LaHire, 1650 Proponents of deconstruction-and-religion believe that dominant contemporary explications of theology are inherently ideological, totalizing, and militant. In response, deconstruction-and-religion expresses itself through acts of interpretation. In taking on the process of interpretation, deconstruction-and-religion follows two tropes: active reinterpretation of the theological tradition and passive reinterpretation. Active reinterpretation Deconstruction-and-religion operates actively when it theorizes in a new way. Deconstruction-and-religion begins from a deconstructive framework that is both post-structuralist and post-phenomenological. The framework provides a means of identifying and exposing illegitimate doctrines or interpretations from within monotheistic traditions. Through the use of careful historical analysis, linguistic critique, and logical scrutiny, deconstruction-and-religion resolves interpretive tensions from within theological discourses while at the same time creating space for unforeseen developments in theological expression. Passive reinterpretation Deconstruction-and-religion operates passively when it takes a historical, descriptive approach to analyzing the corpora of various traditions of theology. In its passive mode, deconstruction-and-religion examines theological traditions to take note of documented instances of reified or unnatural theological concepts expanding only to later be dismissed or significantly transformed. An example of an unnatural concept rising and falling is the medieval Christian understanding of indulgences. The historical deterioration or mutation of theological concepts is referred to as self-deconstruction by Jean-Luc Nancy. The idea of self-deconstruction echoes Friedrich Nietzsche's idea that the highest Western values devalue themselves. John D. Caputo on weak theology John D. Caputo has a distinctive approach to deconstruction-and-religion that he calls weak theology. According to Caputo, the distinctive reinterpretive act of weak theology has resulted in the notion of the weakness of God. The paradigm of God as an overwhelming physical or metaphysical force is regarded as mistaken. The old God-of-power is displaced with the idea of God as an unconditional claim without force. As a claim without force, the God of weak theology does not physically or metaphysically intervene in nature. Essentially, the idea of God in Caputo's thought is an alternate name for particular manifestations of undeconstructibility. The idea of God as an undeconstructible follows a line of ethical thinking that moves from Martin Buber to Emmanuel Levinas to Jacques Derrida. Caputo works the idea out in the following way: On the classical account of strong theology, Jesus was just holding back his divine power in order to let his human nature suffer. He freely chose to check his power because the Father had a plan to redeem the world with his blood. ... That is not the weakness of God that I am here defending. God, the event harbored by the name of God, is present at the crucifixion, as the power of the powerlessness of Jesus, in and as the protest against the injustice that rises up from the cross, in and as the words of forgiveness, not a deferred power that will be visited upon one's enemies at a later time. God is in attendance as the weak force of the call that cries out from Calvary and calls across the epochs, that cries out from every corpse created by every cruel and unjust power. The logos of the cross is a call to renounce violence, not to conceal and defer it and then, in a stunning act that takes the enemy by surprise, to lay them low with real power, which shows the enemy who really has the power. That is just what Nietzsche was criticizing under the name of ressentiment. - John D. Caputo, The Weakness of God: A Theology of the Event7 Jean-Luc Nancy on self-deconstructed Christianity Following Derrida's criticisms of the metaphysics of presence and logocentrism, Jean-Luc Nancy understands Christianity to be act-based and focused on an undeconstructible understanding of hope. Nancy thinks of Christianity as the religion that provided the exit from religion, and posits that it consists in the announcement of the second coming of Christ, known as parousia. For Nancy, because Christ is central to the formation of value and meaning in Christianity; because parousia is an announcement of a Christ to come; and because the promised return of Christ involves the return of a person who lived in the past, then Christianity as a framework of thought supports the notion that 'traces' of the non-present i.e. past and future are constitutive of the present. As a result, the Christian concept of parousia poses ontological questions about the conditions of possibility of concepts like identity, subjectivity, consciousness, and experience, among many others. In Nancy's thought, the concept of parousia reveals that we humans are no longer mortals who are saved by faith in an immortal being. Rather, the concept reveals that we are beings who are capable of accepting or rejecting non-self-presence. The acceptance of non-self-presence is what Nancy understands to be the heart of Christian 'faith.' Faith, in any case, is not about compliance without proof or the leap above proof. It is the act of the faithful person, an act which, as such, is the attestation of an intimate consciousness of the fact that it exposes itself and allows itself to be exposed to the absence of attestation, to the absence of parousia. ... Christian faith is distinguished precisely and absolutely from all belief. - Jean-Luc Nancy, Dis-Enclosure: The Deconstruction of Christianity8 Bernard Stiegler on the prostheses of faith The French philosopher Bernard Stiegler, following the archaeologist André Leroi-Gourhan, understands the human distinction to consist in a third kind of memory: in addition to the genetic memory recorded in the DNA molecule, and individual nervous system memory, human beings are the creatures capable of using organized, inorganic matter, that is, tools, technology, writing, and everything that records a human gesture as Stiegler puts it: humans die but their histories remain.9 Stiegler calls this tertiary memory, and it is the beginning of the human possibility for the individual to adopt a past they did not themselves live when, for example, an immigrant to the United States adopts George Washington as part of his or her past. In his article, Derrida and technology: fidelity at the limits of deconstruction and the prosthesis of faith, Stiegler uses this concept of tertiary memory to conduct a reading of the Derridian corpus. In so doing he reaches the following conclusion: An intelligence of faith-which is impossible, which we can do nothing but promise, which we have to promise in its very default-must/fails to account each time for the conditions in which faith yields to the trust that we have or do not have in tertiary memory. No politics of memory or of the archive, of hospitality or of home, no future is, perhaps, promised outside this must/failure of life that the dead haunts in life's technicity. The tertiary trace refers to the arche-trace, older than any empiricial or meta-empirical trace; it refers always to the absolute past. But the absolute past only constitutes itself as such through this referral. It is why a logic of the supplement, without ever simply being such a history, must also be a history of the supplement in its epochs, epochs that are each time singular and must each time form the object of a technical history constantly renewed. Faith and tele-technology are for this reason mutually insoluble and mutually inseparable-transductively reconstituted by each other. It is why, finally, fidelity is always at the limits of deconstruction qua undeconstructible justice. Such would be faith: at the limits of deconstruction. Such would be faith at the limits of deconstruction. - Bernard Stiegler, Derrida and technology: fidelity at the limits of deconstruction and the prosthesis of faith10 Writers John D. Caputo Helene Cixous Simon Critchley Hamid Dabashi Jacques Derrida Jean-Luc Nancy Jeffrey W. Robbins Richard Rorty Mark C. Taylor Bernard Stiegler Gianni Vattimo Charles Winquist References Primary references 1992 The Ethics of Deconstruction: Derrida and Levinas, by Simon Critchley 1993 Against Ethics - Contributions to a Poetics of Obligation with Constant Reference to Deconstruction, by John D. Caputo 1995 On the Name, by Jacques Derrida 1996 The Gift of Death, by Jacques Derrida 1997 The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida, by John D. Caputo 1998 Religion, with Jacques Derrida Gianni Vattimo 2001 Acts of Religion, by Jacques Derrida 2005 The Future of Religion, with Richard Rorty, Gianni Vattimo, ed. by Santiago Zabala 1 2007 Dis-Enclosure: The Deconstruction of Christianity, by Jean-Luc Nancy Secondary references 1982 Deconstructing Theology, by Mark C. Taylor 1987 Erring: A Postmodern A/theology, by Mark C. Taylor 1993 Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundations of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, by Hamid Dabashi 1995 Desiring Theology, by Charles Winquist 1997 Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida, ed./auth. by John D. Caputo 1999 About Religion: Economies of Faith in Virtual Culture, by Mark C. Taylor 1999 Epiphanies of Darkness: Deconstruction in Theology, by Charles Winquist 1999 Ethics-Politics-Subjectivity: Essays on Derrida, Levinas, and Contemporary French Thought, by Simon Critchley 1999 Truth and Narrative: The Untimely Thoughts of Ayn al-Qudat al-Hamadhani, Hamid Dabashi 2000 In the Absence of the Face, by Hamid Dabashi. In Social Research, Volume 67, Number 1. Spring 2000. pp. 127-185. 2001 Derrida and Technology: Fidelity at the Limits of Deconstruction and the Prosthesis of Faith, by Bernard Stiegler. In Tom Cohen ed., Jacques Derrida and the Humanities 2001 On Religion, by John D. Caputo 2004 Portrait of Jacques Derrida as a Young Jewish Saint, by Helene Cixous 2004 Sufism and Deconstruction, by Ian Almond 2006 Philosophy and Theology, by John D. Caputo 2006 The Weakness of God: A Theology of the Event, by John D. Caputo 2007 After God by Mark C. Taylor 2007 After the Death of God, with John D. Caputo, Gianni Vattimo, ed. by Jeffrey W. Robbins See also Continental philosophy Deconstruction Différance List of deconstructionists Metaphysics of presence Ontotheology External links Online reading Jacques Derrida 1930 - 2004 pdf, by John D. Caputo Religion and Violence: Plea for a 'Weak' Theology in Tempore Belli pdf, by Ulrich Engel OP The Weakness of God: A Review of John D. Caputo's 'The Weakness of God: A Theology of the Event' pdf, by Peter G. Heltzel Already, Not Yet: A Review of Jean-Luc Nancy's 'La Déclosion : Déconstruction du christianisme, 1' pdf, by Adam Kotsko Weak Theology pdf, by Jeffrey W. Robbins Take Care, by Bernard Stiegler Academic homepages Homepage of John D. Caputo, Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Humanities at Syracuse University Homepage of Simon Critchley, Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research Homepage of Jeffrey W. Robbins, Assistant Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Lebanon Valley College Homepage of Richard Rorty, Professor Emeritus of Comparative Literature at Stanford University Homepage of Mark C. Taylor, Cluett Professor of Humanities at Williams College Homepage of Gianni Vattimo, Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Turin Homepage of Santiago Zabala, Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at Potsdam University Institute of Philosophy Notes ^ 2006 Žižek, Slavoj, A Plea for a Return to Differance with a minor 'Pro Domo Sua' Critical Inquiry 32 2: 226-249 ^ 2002 Raschke, Carl, Loosening Philosophy's Tongue: A Conversation with Jack Caputo http://www.jcrt.org/archives/03.2/caputo_raschke.shtml ^ 2001 Derrida, Jacques, Acts of Religion, p. 243. ^ 1997 Caputo, John D., The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida, p. 2. ^ 1997 Caputo, John D., The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida, p. 3. ^ 1995 Derrida, Jacques, Sauf le nom. In Thomas Dutoit ed., On the Name. ^ 2006 Caputo, John D., The Weakness of God: A Theology of the Event, p. 44. ^ 2007 Nancy, Jean-Luc, Dis-Enclosure: The Deconstruction of Christianity, p. 221. ^ Stiegler, Bernard, Our Ailing Educational Institutions; cf., Stiegler, Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. ^ Stiegler, Bernard, Derrida and technology: fidelity at the limits of deconstruction and the prosthesis of faith, in Tom Cohen ed., Jacques Derrida and the Humanities: A Critical Reader Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 263. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Deconstruction-and-religion Categories: Agnosticism | Atheism | Theology | Continental philosophy | Deconstruction | SecularismHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 9 September 2008, at 13:40
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