Devanagari

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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Devanagari Nagari redirects here. For place in Andhra Pradesh, see Nagari, Andhra Pradesh. Image:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg This article contains Indic text. Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Devan�?garī देवनागरी, pronounced /ˌdeɪvəˈnɑ�?ɡəri�?/ in English1, or N�?garī, is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. It is written from left to right, lacks distinct letter cases, and is recognizable by a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the letters that links them together. Devan�?garī is the main script used to write Hindi, Marathi, and Nepali. Since the 19th century, it has been the most commonly-used script for Sanskrit and Pali. Devan�?garī is also employed for Bhili, Bhojpuri, Konkani, Magahi, Maithili, Marwari, Newari, Pahari Garhwali and Kumaoni, Santhali, Tharu, and sometimes Sindhi, Panjabi, and Kashmiri. It was formerly used to write Gujarati. There are now some efforts underway to promote the Devan�?garī script for Romany as well. Devan�?garī Type Abugida Spoken languages Several Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili, Newari and sometimes Sindhi and Kashmiri. Formerly used to write Gujarati. Time period c. 1200-present Parent systems Proto-Canaanite alphabet → Phoenician alphabet → Aramaic alphabet → Br�?hmī → Gupta → N�?garī → Devan�?garī Child systems Gujarati Mo�?ī Ranjana Canadian Aboriginal syllabics Sister systems Sharada, Eastern N�?garī Unicode range U+0900-U+097F ISO 15924 Deva Rigveda manuscript in Devan�?garī early 19th century Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Br�?hmī The Brahmic script and its descendants Northern Brahmic Kusan Meitei Mayek Gupta Ś�?rad�? Landa Old Kashmiri Gurmukhī Khojki Takri Dogri Chameali Siddhaṃ Tibetan 'Phagspa Lepcha Limbu N�?garī Devan�?garī Modi Nandin�?garī Gujarati Proto-Bengali Kaithi Sylheti Nagari Eastern Nagari Bengali Assamese Mithilakshar Oriya Nepal Bhujimol Prachalit Nepal Ranjana Soyombo Southern Brahmic Tamil Brahmi Vatteluttu Tamil Sinhala Pallava Grantha Malayalam Tulu Dhives Akuru Saurashtra Khmer Thai Lao Cham Old Kawi Balinese Javanese Baybayin Batak Buhid Hanunó'o Tagbanwa Sundanese Lontara Rejang Mon Burmese Ojhopath Kalinga Bhattiprolu Script Kadamba Kannada Telugu Tai Le New Tai Lue Ahom This box: view talk Contents 1 Origins 2 Principles 3 Letters 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 3.3 Conjuncts 3.4 Accent marks 3.5 Numerals 4 Transliteration 4.1 ISO 15919 4.2 IAST 4.3 Harvard-Kyoto 4.4 ITRANS 4.5 ALA-LC Romanization 5 Encodings 5.1 ISCII 5.2 Devan�?garī in Unicode 6 Devan�?garī Keyboard Layouts 6.1 Devan�?garī and Devan�?garī-QWERTY keyboard layouts for Mac OS X 6.2 INSCRIPT / KDE Linux 6.3 Typewriter 6.4 Phonetic 7 See also 8 Software 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 Electronic typesetting 11.1.1 Fonts 11.1.2 Documentation 11.1.3 Tools and applications Origins Devan�?garī is part of the Brahmic family of alphabets of Nepal, India, Tibet, and South-East Asia. It is a descendant of the Gupta script, along with Siddham and Sharada. Eastern variants of Gupta called N�?garī are first attested from the 8th century; from c. 1200 these gradually replaced Siddham, which survived as a vehicle for Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, and Sharada, which remained in parallel use in Kashmir. Sanskrit n�?garī is the feminine of n�?gara urbane, a vrddhi adjectival form of nagara city. It is feminine from its original phrasing with lipi script as n�?garī lipi urbane script, that is, the script of the cultured. There are several varieties of N�?garī in use, one of which was distinguished by affixing Deva god or deity to form a tatpurusha compound meaning the urbane script of the gods, or divine urbane script. The use of the name Devan�?garī is relatively recent, and the older term N�?garī is still common. The rapid spread of the term Devan�?garī may be related to the almost exclusive use of this script to publish sacred Sanskrit texts in colonial times. This has led to such a close connection between Devan�?garī and Sanskrit that Devan�?garī is now widely thought to be the Sanskrit script; however, before the colonial period there was no standard script for Sanskrit, which was written in whichever script was familiar to the local populace. Principles As a Brahmic abugida, the fundamental principle of Devan�?garī is that each letter represents a consonant, which carries an inherent vowel a ə.2 For example, the letter क is read ka, the two letters कन are kana, the three कनय are kanaya, etc. Other vowels, or the absence of vowels, require modification of these consonants or their own letters: Consonant clusters are written with ligatures saṃyukt�?kṣara conjuncts. For example, the three letters कनय kanaya may be joined to form क�?नय knaya, कन�?य kanya, or क�?न�?य knya. Vowels other than the inherent a are written with diacritics. From क ka we get के ke, क�? ku, की kī, का k�?, etc. For vowels without a consonant, either at the beginning of a word or after another vowel, there are full letters. Thus while the vowel ū is written with the diacritic ू in कू kū, it has its own letter ऊ in ऊक ūka and कऊ kaū. A final consonant is marked with the diacritic �?, called the vir�?ma in Sanskrit, halanta in Hindi, and a killer stroke in English. This cancels the inherent vowel, so that from क�?नय knaya we get क�?नय�? knay. The halanta will often be used for consonant clusters when typesetting ligatures is not feasible. Such a letter or ligature, with its diacritics, is called an akṣara syllable. For example, कनय kanaya is written with what are counted as three akshara, whereas क�?न�?य knya and क�? ku are each written with one. Letters Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See Help:IPA for a pronunciation key. The letter order of Devan�?garī, like nearly all Brahmi scripts, is based on phonetic principles which consider both the manner and place of articulation of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred to as the varṇam�?l�? garland of letters.3 The format of Devan�?garī for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its application, with minor variations or additions, to other languages.4 Vowels The vowels and their arrangement are:5 Independent form Romanized As diacritic with प Independent form Romanized As diacritic with प kaṇṭhya Guttural अ a प आ �? पा t�?lavya Palatal इ i पि ई ī पी oṣṭhya Labial उ u प�? ऊ ū पू mūrdhanya Cerebral ऋ ṛ पृ ॠ �? पॄ dantya Dental ऌ ḷ पॢ ॡ ḹ पॣ kaṇṭhat�?lavya Palato-Guttural �? e पे �? ai पै kaṇṭhoṣṭhya Labio-Guttural ओ o पो औ au पौ Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal diacritics, the final nasal anusv�?ra ं ṃ and the final fricative visarga ः ḥ called अं aṃ and अः aḥ. Masica 1991:146 notes of the anusv�?ra in Sankrit that there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic nasal consonant ..., a nasalized vowel, a nasalized semivowel, or all these according to context. The visarga represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative h, in Sanskrit an allophone of s, or less commonly r, usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the vowel after the breath:6 इः ihi. Masica 1991:146 considers the visarga along with letters ङ ṅa and ञ ña for the largely predictable velar and palatal nasals to be examples of phonetic overkill in the system. Another diacritic is the candrabindu/anun�?sika �?. Salomon 2003:76-77 describes it as a more emphatic form of the anusv�?ra, sometimes ... used to mark a true vowel nasalization. In a New Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalization7 while the anusv�?r indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant:8 e.g. ह�?सी ɦə̃si laughter, गंगा gəŋgɑ Ganges. When an akshara has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the candra moon stroke candrabindu, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:9 हू�? ɦũ am, but हैं ɦɛ̃ are. Some writers and typesetters dispense with the moon stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.10 The avagraha ऽ usually transliterated with an apostrophe is a Sanskrit punctuation mark for the elision of a vowel in sandhi: �?कोऽयम�? ekoyam ekas + ayam this one. An original long vowel lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double avagraha: सदाऽऽत�?मा sad�?tm�? sad�? + �?tm�? always, the self.11 In Hindi, Snell 2000:77 states that its main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout: आईऽऽऽ! �?īīī!. In Magahi, which has quite a number of verbal forms that end in that inherent vowel Verma 2003:501, the sad�?tm�? is used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: बइठऽ baiṭha sit versus बइठ baiṭh The syllabic consonants �?, ḷ, and ḹ are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the varṇam�?l�? of other languages. The sound represented by ṛ has been lost as well, and its pronunciation now ranges from ɾɪ Hindi to ɾu Marathi. ḹ is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short-long pairs of letters.4 There are non-regular formations of र�? ru and रू rū. Consonants The consonants and their arrangement are:12 sparśa Stop anun�?sika Nasal antastha Approximant ūṣma/saṃghashrī Fricative Voicing → aghoṣa ghoṣa aghoṣa ghoṣa Aspiration → alpapr�?ṇa mah�?pr�?ṇa alpapr�?ṇa mah�?pr�?ṇa alpapr�?ṇa mah�?pr�?ṇa kaṇṭhya Guttural क ka /k/ ख kha /kʰ/ ग ga /g/ घ gha /gʱ/ ङ ṅa /ŋ/ ह ha /h,ɦ/ t�?lavya Palatal च ca /c,ʧ/ छ cha /cʰ,ʧʰ/ ज ja /ɟ,ʤ/ �? jha /ɟʱ,ʤʱ/ ञ ña /ɲ/ य ya /j/ श śa /ɕ,ʃ/ mūrdhanya Cerebral ट ṭa /ʈ/ ठ ṭha /ʈʰ/ ड �?a /ɖ/ ढ �?ha /ɖʱ/ ण ṇa /ɳ/ र ra /r/ ष ṣa /ʂ/ dantya Dental त ta /t̪/ थ tha /t̪ʰ/ द da /d̪/ ध dha /d̪ʱ/ न na /n/ ल la /l/ स sa /s/ oṣṭhya Labial प pa /p/ फ pha /pʰ/ ब ba /b/ भ bha /bʱ/ म ma /m/ व va /ʋ/ Rounding this out where applicable is ळ ḷa /ɺ̡/, which represented the intervocalic lateral flap allophone of the voiced retroflex stop in Vedic Sanskrit, and which is a phoneme in languages such as Marathi and Rajasthani. Beyond the Sanskritic set new shapes have rarely been formulated. Masica 1991:146 offers the following, In any case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, as Sanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive other sounds, unknown to the phoneticians of Sanskrit. Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been either ignored in writing, or dealt through means such as diacritics and ligatures ignored in recitation. The most prolific diacritic has been the subscript nuqt�? ़. Hindi uses it for the Persian sounds क़ qa /q/, ख़ xa /x/, ग़ ġa /ɣ/, ज़ za /z/, and फ़ fa /f/, and for the allophonic developments ड़ ṛa /ɽ/ and ढ़ ṛha /ɽʱ/. Although ऴ ḷha /ɺ̡ʱ/ could also exist but there is no use of it in Hindi. Sindhi's implosives are accommodated with underlining ॒ : ग॒ ɠə, ज॒ ʄə, ड॒ ɗə, ब॒ ɓə. Aspirated sonorants may be represented as conjuncts/ligatures with ह ha: म�?ह mha, न�?ह nha, ण�?ह ṇha, व�?ह vha, ल�?ह lha, ळ�?ह ḷha, र�?ह rha. Masica 1991:147 notes Marwari as using a special symbol for �?a ɗə while ड = ɽə. Conjuncts The ddhrya-ligature द�?ध�?र�?य of JanaSanskritSans. The ddhrya-ligature द�?ध�?र�?य of JanaSanskritSans. You will only be able to see the ligatures if your system has a Unicode font installed that includes the required ligature glyphs e.g. one of the TDIL fonts, see external links below. As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join together as a 'conjunct' or ligature. The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardized for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page is just one scheme. The following are a number of rules - 24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke ख, घ, ण etc.. As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster, they lose that stroke. e.g. त + व = त�?व, ण + ढ = ण�?ढ, स + थ = स�?थ. श śa appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding व va, न na, च ca, ल la, and र ra, squishing down these second members. Thus श�?व śva, श�?न śna, श�?च śca श�?ल śla, and श�?र śra. र ra as a first member it takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its �?-diacritic. e.g. र�?व rva, र�?वा rv�?, र�?स�?प rspa, र�?स�?पा rsp�?. As a final member with ट ठ ड ढ ङ छ it is two lines below the character, pointed downwards and apart. Thus ट�?र ठ�?र ड�?र ढ�?र ङ�?र छ�?र. Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal stroke jutting leftwards and down. e.g. क�?र ग�?र भ�?र. त ta is shifted up to make त�?र tra. As first members, remaining vertical stroke-less characters such as द da and ह ha may have their second member, shrunken and minus its horizontal stroke, placed underneath. क ka, छ cha, and फ pha shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member. The table below shows all the viable symbols for the biconsonantal clusters of Sanskrit as listed in Masica 1991:161-162. Scroll your cursor over the conjuncts to reveal their romanizations. क ख ग घ च छ ज �? ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह क क�?क क�?ण क�?त क�?थ क�?न क�?म क�?य क�?र क�?ल क�?व क�?ष ख ख�?य ग ग�?ग ग�?ज ग�?ध ग�?न ग�?म ग�?र ग�?ल घ घ�?न घ�?म घ�?र च च�?च च�?छ च�?ञ च�?य ज ज�?ज ज�?�? ज�?ञ ज�?म ज�?य ज�?र ज�?व ड ड�?र ण ण�?ट ण�?ठ ण�?ड ण�?ढ ण�?ण ण�?म ण�?य ण�?व त त�?क त�?ख त�?त त�?थ त�?न त�?प त�?फ त�?म त�?य त�?र त�?व त�?स थ थ�?न थ�?य द द�?ग द�?घ द�?द द�?ध द�?न द�?ब द�?भ द�?म द�?य द�?र द�?व ध ध�?न ध�?म ध�?य ध�?र ध�?व न न�?त न�?थ न�?द न�?ध न�?न न�?म न�?य न�?व प प�?त प�?न प�?प प�?फ प�?य प�?र प�?ल प�?स ब ब�?ज ब�?द ब�?ध ब�?ब ब�?र भ भ�?र म म�?न म�?प म�?फ म�?ब म�?भ म�?म म�?य म�?र म�?ल य य�?य र र�?क र�?ख र�?ग र�?घ र�?च र�?छ र�?ज र�?�? र�?ण र�?त र�?थ र�?द र�?ध र�?न र�?प र�?ब र�?भ र�?म र�?य र�?ल र�?व र�?श र�?ष र�?स र�?ह ल ल�?क ल�?ग ल�?द ल�?प ल�?फ ल�?ब ल�?म ल�?य ल�?ल ल�?व ल�?ह व व�?य व�?र व�?व श श�?च श�?न श�?म श�?य श�?र श�?ल श�?व ष ष�?क ष�?ट ष�?ठ ष�?ण ष�?प ष�?फ ष�?म ष�?य ष�?व स स�?क स�?ख स�?त स�?थ स�?न स�?प स�?फ स�?म स�?य स�?र स�?व ह ह�?ण ह�?न ह�?म ह�?य ह�?र ह�?व New Indo-Aryan languages may use the above forms for their Sanskrit loanwords or otherwise. Accent marks Main article: Vedic accent The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is written with various symbols depending on shakha. In the Rigveda, anud�?tta is written with a bar below the line ॒, svarita with a stroke above the line ॑ while ud�?tta is unmarked. Numerals See also: Indian numerals, Brahmi numerals, and Hindu-Arabic numeral system Devan�?garī numerals ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Transliteration Main article: Devanagari transliteration There are several methods of transliteration from Devan�?garī into Roman scripts. The most widely used transliteration method is IAST. However, there are other transliteration options. The following are the major transliteration methods for Devan�?garī: ISO 15919 Main article: ISO 15919 A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic graphemes to the Latin script. See also Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO 15919. The Devan�?garī-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit, IAST. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration IAST is the academic standard for the romanization of Sanskrit. IAST is the de-facto standard used in printed publications, like books and magazines, and with the wider availability of Unicode fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts. It is based on a standard established by the Congress of Orientalists at Athens in 1912. The National Library at Kolkata romanization, intended for the romanization of all Indic scripts, is an extension of IAST. Harvard-Kyoto Compared to IAST, Harvard-Kyoto looks much simpler. It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IAST contains. This makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than IAST. Harvard-Kyoto uses capital letters that can be difficult to read in the middle of words. ITRANS ITRANS is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devan�?garī into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet. It is an extension of the Harvard-Kyoto scheme. In ITRANS, the word Devan�?garī is written as Devanaagarii. ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in Indic scripts. The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor displays the Roman letters into Devan�?garī or other Indic languages. The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July, 2001. ALA-LC Romanization ALA-LC romanization is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, and widely used in North American libraries. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there is a table for Hindi, one for Sanskrit and Prakrit, etc. Encodings ISCII ISCII is a fixed-length 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 codepoints are plain ASCII, the upper 128 codepoints are ISCII-specific. It has been designed for representing not only Devan�?garī, but also various other Indic scripts as well as a Latin-based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts. ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has however attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its Indic language blocks. Devan�?garī in Unicode The Unicode range for Devan�?garī is U+0900 .. U+097F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points. Devanagari Unicode.org chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+090x �? ं ः ऄ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ऌ �? ऎ �? U+091x �? ऑ ऒ ओ औ क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज �? ञ ट U+092x ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न ऩ प फ ब भ म य U+093x र ऱ ल ळ ऴ व श ष स ह ़ ऽ ा ि U+094x ी �? ू ृ ॄ ॅ ॆ े ै ॉ ॊ ो ौ �? U+095x �? ॑ ॒ ॓ ॔ क़ ख़ ग़ ज़ ड़ ढ़ फ़ य़ U+096x ॠ ॡ ॢ ॣ । ॥ ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९ U+097x ॰ ॱ ॲ ॻ ॼ ॽ ॾ ॿ Devan�?garī Keyboard Layouts Devan�?garī and Devan�?garī-QWERTY keyboard layouts for Mac OS X The Mac OS X operating system supports convenient ing for the Devan�?garī script by insertion of appropriate Unicode characters with two different keyboard layouts available for use. To input Devan�?garī text, one goes to System Preferences → International → Input Menu and enables the keyboard layout that is to be used. The layout is the same as for INSCRIPT/KDE Linux: INSCRIPT / KDE Linux INSCRIPT Keyboard Layout Windows, Solaris, Java This is the India keyboard layout for Linux variant 'Deva' Typewriter Standard typewriter keyboard layout used in India Phonetic Bolnagri phonetic keyboard layout for Linux Bolnagri phonetic keyboard layout for Linux See Bolnagri Home Page See also ISCII Nagari Pracharini Sabha Devanagari transliteration Software Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging - Macintosh HindiWriter - The Phonetic Hindi Writer with AutoWord lookup and Spellcheck for MS Word and OpenOffice.org for Windows. Pango - open source GNOME Uniscribe - Windows WorldScript - Macintosh, replaced by the Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging, mentioned above Baraha - Devan�?garī Input using English Keyboard Lipikaar - The indic script typing tool with support for Devan�?garī through a Windows desktop executable or Firefox Extension. References ^ OED ^ Salomon 2003:70 ^ Salomon 2003:71 ^ a b Salomon 2003:75 ^ Wikner 1996:13, 14 ^ Wikner 1996:6 ^ Snell 2000:44-45 ^ Snell 2000:64 ^ Snell 2000:45 ^ Snell 2000:46 ^ Salomon 2003:77 ^ Wikner 1996:73 Bibliography Masica, Colin 1991, written at Cambridge, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442, http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwCprintsec=frontcoverdq=indo-aryan+languages. Snell, Rupert 2000, Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script, Hodder Stoughton, ISBN 9780071419840. Salomon, Richard 2003, Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages, in Cardona, George Dhanesh Jain, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 67-103, ISBN 9780415772945. Verma, Sheela 2003, Magahi, in Cardona, George Dhanesh Jain, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 498-514, ISBN 9780415772945. Wikner, Charles 1996, A Practical Sanskrit Introductory, http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html. External links Wikibooks Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Devan�?garī Web Portal in Devanagari Script Hindi Computing Wiki - Sarvagya सर�?वज�?ञ Omniglot.com - Devan�?garī Alphabets AncientScripts.com - Devan�?garī Intro IS13194:1991 1 Nepali Traditional keyboard Layout Nepali Romanized keyboard Layout Electronic typesetting Fonts Unicode Compliant Open Type Fonts including ligature glyphs TDIL Data Centre Mangal_Font Mangal article in Sandbox Documentation The official Devan�?garī Document pdf from Govt. Of India. Unicode Chart for Devan�?garī Resources for typing in the Nepali language in Devan�?garī Resources for viewing and ing Devan�?garī Unicode support for Web browsers Creating and Viewing Documents in Devan�?garī Hindi/Devan�?garī Script Tutor A compilation of Tools and Techniques for Hindi Computing Tools and applications List of Hindi Typing Tools IndiX, Indian language support for Linux, a site by the Indian National Centre for Software Technology Devan�?garī Tools: Wiki Sandbox, Devan�?garī Mail, Yahoo/Google Search Devan�?garī Transliteration EnTrans - Entrans is an online, collaborative translation tool Online Latin to Devan�?garī transliteration tool v d e Topics related to the Marathi language Grammar Phonology Devanagari script Modi script Literature Poetry Samyukta Maharashtra Movement Maharashtra State Marathi v d e Hindi Grammar · Phonology · Devanagari · History · Vocabulary · Hindustani Western Braj Bhasha · Hariyanvi · Bundeli · Kannauji · Khari boli Registers: Urdu · Modern Standard Hindi Eastern Awadhi · Bagheli · Chattisgarhi Language politics Anti-Hindi agitations · Hindi-Urdu controversy Arts Literature · Awards · Sahitya Akademi Award · Jnanpith Award · Bollywood · Writers · Poets v d e Writing systems Overview History of writing · History of the alphabet · Graphemes Lists List of writing systems · List of languages by writing system · List of languages by first written accounts · List of undeciphered writing systems · List of inventors of writing systems Types Alphabets · Abjads · Abugidas · Syllabaries · Ideo- Pictographics · Logographic Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Devanagari Categories: Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes | Brahmic scripts | Hindi | Hindustani orthography | Sanskrit words and phrases Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages বাংলা Brezhoneg Българ�?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto �?ارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन�?दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქ�?რთული कश�?मीरी - كشميري Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmål‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română Romani Ру�?�?кий Sámegiella संस�?कृत Simple English Срп�?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ�? ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Україн�?ька 中文 This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 21:31

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