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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Dhammapada Part of a series on Buddhism Portal of Buddhism History Timeline - Buddhist councils Major Figures Gautama Buddha Disciples · Later Buddhists Concepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Karma - Nirvana Three marks of existence Skandha · Cosmology Samsara · Rebirth · Dharma Dependent Origination Practices and Attainment Buddhahood · Bodhisattva Four Stages of Enlightenment PÄ?ramitÄ?s · Mation · Laity Precepts · Three Jewels Countries and Regions Bhutan · Cambodia · China India · Indonesia · Japan Korea · Laos · Malaysia Mongolia · Burma · Nepal Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam Western countries Schools TheravÄ?da · MahÄ?yÄ?na VajrayÄ?na Early and Pre-sectarian Texts Pali Canon · Tibetan Canon Chinese Canon Related topics Comparative Studies Cultural elements This box: view talk For the legend of an architect's son who completed a Konark temple in one night, see Dharmapada person. The Dhammapada PÄ?li; Prakrit: Dhamapada; Sanskrit Dharmapada; sometimes translated into English as Path of the Dharma is a versified Buddhist scripture traditionally ascribed to the Buddha himself. It is one of the best-known texts from the Theravada canon. Its literary merits are a matter of disagreement.1 Contents 1 History 2 Organization 3 Excerpts 3.1 Ch. I. Twin Verses Yamaka-vaggo 3.2 Ch. X. Punishment Daṇá¸?a-vaggo 3.3 Ch. XIV: The Buddha The Awakened Buddha-vaggo 3.4 Ch. XX: The Way Magga-vaggo 3.5 Ch. XXIV: Thirst TaṇhÄ?-vaggo 4 English translations 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 External links History Pali Canon Vinaya Pitaka SV. Khandhaka Vin V Sutta Pitaka DN MN SN AN KN Abhidhamma Pitaka Dhs. Vbh. Dhk. Pug. Kvu. Yam. Patthana view talk The Dhammapada, from the PÄ?li Tipitaka, is considered one of the most popular pieces of Theravada literature.2 According to tradition, the Dhammapada's verses were spoken by the Buddha on various occasions.3 Most verses deal with ethics.4 The text is part of the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Sutta Pitaka, although over half of the verses exist in other parts of the Pali Canon.5 A 4th or 5th century CE commentary attributed to Buddhaghosa includes 305 stories which give context to the verses. Although the PÄ?li ion is the best-known, a number of other versions are known:6 a Dharmaguptaka version in Gandhari written in Kharosthi script7 sections of a Lokottaravada version a Sammatiya version in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, known as the Patna Dharmapada8 a seemingly related Mula-Sarvastivada text known as the UdÄ?navarga9 in 3 Sanskrit versions a Tibetan translation, which is popular in traditional Tibetan Buddhism 4 Chinese works entitled Fajiu jing; one of these appears to be an expanded translation of the Pali version; this has not traditionally been very popular. Comparing the Pali Dhammapada, the Gandhari Dharmapada and the Udanavarga, Brough 2001 identifies that the texts have in common 330 to 340 verses, 16 chapter headings and an underlying structure. He suggests that the three texts have a common ancestor but underlines that there is no evidence that any one of these three texts might have been the primitive Dharmapada from which the other two evolved.10 Organization The Pali Dhammapada contains 423 verses in 26 chapters listed below in English and, in parentheses, Pali.111213 I. The Twin-Verses Yamaka-vaggo see excerpt below II. On Earnestness AppamÄ?da-vaggo III. Thought Citta-vaggo IV. Flowers Puppha-vaggo V. The Fool BÄ?la-vaggo VI. The Wise Man Paṇá¸?ita-vaggo VII. The Venerable Arahanta-vaggo VIII. The Thousands Sahassa-vaggo IX. Evil PÄ?pa-vaggo X. Punishment Daṇá¸?a-vaggo see excerpt below XI. Old Age JarÄ?-vaggo XII. Self Atta-vaggo XIII. The World Loka-vaggo XIV. The Buddha - The Awakened Buddha-vaggo see excerpt below XV. Happiness Sukha-vaggo XVI. Pleasure Piya-vaggo XVII. Anger Kodha-vaggo XVIII. Impurity Mala-vaggo XIX. The Just Dhammaá¹á¹ha-vaggo XX. The Way Magga-vaggo see excerpt below XXI. Miscellaneous Pakiṇṇaka-vaggo XXII. The Downward Course Niraya-vaggo XXIII. The Elephant NÄ?ga-vaggo XXIV. Thirst TaṇhÄ?-vaggo see excerpt below XXV. The Mendicant Bhikkhu-vaggo XXVI. The BrÄ?hmana BrÄ?hmaṇa-vaggo Excerpts The following English translations are from Müller 1881. The Pali text is from the Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project SLTP ion.12 Ch. I. Twin Verses Yamaka-vaggo 1. All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain follows him, as the wheel follows the foot of the ox that draws the carriage. Manopubbaá¹…gamÄ? dhammÄ? manoseá¹á¹hÄ? manomayÄ? ManasÄ? ce paduá¹á¹hena bhÄ?sati vÄ? karoti vÄ? Tato naṃ dukkhamanveti cakkaṃ'va vahato padaṃ. 2. All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with a pure thought, happiness follows him, like a shadow that never leaves him. Manopubbaá¹…gamÄ? dhammÄ? manoseá¹á¹hÄ? manomayÄ? ManasÄ? ce pasannena bhÄ?sati vÄ? karoti vÄ? Tato naṃ sukhamanveti chÄ?yÄ?'va anapÄ?yinÄ«. 5. For hatred does not cease by hatred at any time: hatred ceases by love, this is an old rule. Na hi verena verÄ?ni sammantÄ«dha kudÄ?canaṃ Averena ca sammanti esa dhammo sanantano. Ch. X. Punishment Daṇá¸?a-vaggo 131. He who seeking his own happiness punishes or kills beings who also long for happiness, will not find happiness after death. SukhakÄ?mÄ?ni bhÅ«tÄ?ni yodaṇá¸?ena vihiṃsati Attano sukhamesÄ?no pecca so na labhate sukhaṃ. 132. He who seeking his own happiness does not punish or kill beings who also long for happiness, will find happiness after death. SukhakÄ?mÄ?ni bhÅ«tÄ?ni yodaṇá¸?ena na hiṃsati Attano sukhamesÄ?no pecca so labhate sukhaṃ. 133. Do not speak harshly to anybody; those who are spoken to will answer thee in the same way. Angry speech is painful, blows for blows will touch thee. MÄ?'voca pharusaṃ kañci vuttÄ? paá¹ivadeyyu taṃ DukkhÄ? hi sÄ?rambhakathÄ? paá¹idaṇá¸?Ä? phuseyyu taṃ. Ch. XIV: The Buddha The Awakened Buddha-vaggo 183. Not to commit any sin, to do good, and to purify one's mind, that is the teaching of all the Awakened. SabbapÄ?passa akaraṇaṃ kusalassa upasampadÄ? Sacittapariyodapanaṃ etaṃ buddhÄ?na sÄ?sanaṃ. Ch. XX: The Way Magga-vaggo 276. You yourself must make an effort. The Tathagatas Buddhas are only preachers. The thoughtful who enter the way are freed from the bondage of Mara. Tumhehi kiccaṃ Ä?tappaṃ akkhÄ?tÄ?ro tathÄ?gatÄ? Paá¹ipannÄ? pamokkhanti jhÄ?yino mÄ?rabandhanÄ?. 277. 'All created things perish,' he who knows and sees this becomes passive in pain; this is the way to purity. Sabbe saá¹…khÄ?rÄ? aniccÄ?'ti yadÄ? paññÄ?ya passati Atha nibbindati dukkhe esa maggo visuddhiyÄ?. 278. 'All created things are grief and pain,' he who knows and sees this becomes passive in pain; this is the way that leads to purity. Sabbe saá¹…khÄ?rÄ? dukkhÄ?'ti yadÄ? paññÄ?ya passati Atha nibbindati dukkhe esa maggo visuddhiyÄ?. 279. 'All forms are unreal,' he who knows and sees this becomes passive in pain; this is the way that leads to purity. Sabbe dhammÄ? anattÄ?'ti yadÄ? paññÄ?ya passati Atha nibbindati dukkhe esa maggo visuddhiyÄ?. Ch. XXIV: Thirst TaṇhÄ?-vaggo 343. Men, driven on by thirst, run about like a snared hare; let therefore the mendicant drive out thirst, by striving after passionlessness for himself. TasiṇÄ?ya purakkhatÄ? pajÄ? parisappanti saso'va bÄ?dhito TasmÄ? tasiṇaṃ vinodaye bhikkhu Ä?kaá¹…khÄ« virÄ?gamattano. 350. If a man delights in quieting doubts, and, always reflecting, dwells on what is not delightful the impurity of the body, c., he certainly will remove, nay, he will cut the fetter of Mara. Vitakkupasame ca yo rato asubhaṃ bhÄ?vayati sadÄ? sato Esa kho vyantikÄ?hiti esa checchati mÄ?rabandhanaṃ. English translations Tr F. Max Müller, in Buddhist Parables, by E. W. Burlinghame, 1869; reprinted in Sacred Books of the East, volume X, Clarendon/Oxford, 1881; reprinted in Buddhism, by Clarence Hamilton; reprinted separately by Watkins, 2006; reprinted 2008 by Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, ISBN 978-1-934941-03-4; the first English translation a Latin translation had appeared in 1855 Tr J. Gray, American Mission Press, Rangoon, 1881 Tr J. P. Cooke O. G. Pettis, Boston Massachusetts?, 1898 Hymns of Faith, tr Albert J. Edmunds, Open Court, Chicago, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner Co., London, 1902 Tr Norton T. W. Hazeldine, Denver, Colorado, 1902 The Buddha's Way of Virtue, tr W. D. C. Wagiswara K. J. Saunders, John Murray, London, 1912 Tr Silacara, Buddhist Society, London, 1915 Tr Suriyagoda Sumangala, in Ceylon Antiquary, 1915 Tr A. P. Buddhadatta, Colombo Apothecaries, 1920? The Buddha's Path of Virtue, tr F. L. Woodward, Theosophical Publishing House, London Madras, 1921 In Buddhist Legends, tr E. W. Burlinghame, Harvard Oriental Series, 1921, 3 volumes; reprinted by Pali Text Society1, Bristol; translation of the stories from the commentary, with the Dhammapada verses embedded Tr R. D. Shrikhande and/or P. L. Vaidya according to different bibliographies; or did one publisher issue two translations in the same year?, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, 1923; includes Pali text Verses on Dhamma, in Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon, volume I, tr C. A. F. Rhys Davids, 1931, Pali Text Society, Bristol; verse translation; includes Pali text Tr N. K. Bhagw?at, Buddha Society, Bombay, 1931/5; includes Pali text The Way of Truth, tr S. W. Wijayatilake, Madras, 1934 Tr Irving Babbitt, Oxford University Press, New York London, 1936; revision of Max Müller Tr K. Gunaratana, Penang, Malaya, 1937 The Path of the Eternal Law, tr Swami Premananda, Self-Realization Fellowship, Washington DC, 1942 Tr Dhammajoti, Maha Bodhi Society, Benares, 1944 Tr Jack Austin, Buddhist Society, London, 1945 Stories of Buddhist India, tr Piyadassi, 2 volumes, Moratuwa, Ceylon, 1949 1953; includes stories from the commentary Tr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Oxford University Press, London, 1950; includes Pali text Collection of Verses on the Doctrine of the Buddha, comp Bhadragaka, Bangkok, 1952 Tr T. Latter, Moulmein, Burma, 1950? Tr W. Somalokatissa, Colombo, 1953 Tr Narada, John Murray, London, 1954 Tr E. W. Adikaram, Colombo, 1954 Tr A. P. Buddhadatta, Colombo, 1954; includes Pali text Tr Siri Sivali, Colombo, 1954 Tr ?, Cunningham Press, Alhambra, California, 1955 Tr C. Kunhan Raja, Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar/Madras, 1956; includes Pali text Free rendering and interpretation by Wesley La Violette, Los Angeles, 1956 Tr Buddharakkhita, Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore, 1959; 4th edn, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1996; includes Pali text Tr Suzanne Karpelès?, serialized in Advent Pondicherry, India, 1960-65; reprinted in Questions and Answers, Collected Works of the Mother, 3, Pondicherry, 1977 Growing the Bodhi Tree in the Garden of the Heart, tr Khantipalo, Buddhist Association of Thailand, Bangkok, 1966; reprinted as The Path of Truth, Bangkok, 1977 Tr P. Lal, New York, 1967/70 Tr Juan Mascaró, Penguin Classics, 1973 Tr Thomas Byrom, Shambhala, Boston, Massachusetts, Wildwood House, London, 1976 ISBN 0-87773-966-8 Tr Ananda Maitreya, serialized in Pali Buddhist Review, 1 2, 1976/7; offprinted under the title Law Verses, Colombo, 1978; revised by Rose Kramer under the Pali title, originally published by Lotsawa Publications in 1988, reprinted by Parallax Press in 1995 The Buddha's Words, tr Sathienpong Wannapok, Bangkok, 1979 Wisdom of the Buddha, tr Harischandra Kaviratna, Pasadena, 1980; includes Pali text The Eternal Message of Lord Buddha, tr Silananda, Calcutta, 1982; includes Pali text Tr Chhi Med Rig Dzin Lama, Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, India, 1982; tr from the modern Tibetan translation by dGe-'dun Chos-'phel; includes Pali Tibetan texts Tr pub Dharma Publishing, Berkeley, California, 1985; tr from the modern Tibetan translation by dGe-'dun Chos-'phel Commentary, with text embedded, tr Department of Pali, University of Rangoon, published by Union Buddha Sasana Council, Rangoon date uncertain; 1980s Tr Daw Mya Tin, Burma Pitaka Association, Rangoon, 1986; probably currently published by the Department for the Promotion and Propagation of the Sasana, Rangoon, and/or Sri Satguru, Delhi Path of Enlightenment, tr David J. Kalupahana, Universities Press of America, Lanham, Maryland, c. 1986 Tr Raghavan Iyer, Santa Barbara, 1986; includes Pali text Tr Eknath Easwaran, Arkana, London, 1986/7ISBN 978-1-58638-019-9; reissued with new material Nilgiri Press 2007, Tomales, CA ISBN 9781586380205 Tr John Ross Carter Mahinda Palihawadana, Oxford University Press, New York, 1987; the original, expensive hardback ion also includes the Pali text and the commentary's explanations of the verses; the cheap paperback reprint in the World's Classics Series omits these Tr U. D. Jayasekera, Colombo, 1992 Treasury of Truth, tr Weragoda Sarada, Taipei, 1993 Tr Thomas Cleary, Thorsons, London, 1995 The Word of the Doctrine, tr K. R. Norman, 1997, Pali Text Society, Bristol; the PTS's preferred translation Tr Anne Bancroft?, Element Books, Shaftesbury, Dorset, Richport, Massachusetts, 1997 Tr F. Max Müller see above, revised Jack Maguire, SkyLight Pubns, Woodstock, Vermont, 2002 Tr Glenn Wallis, Modern Library, New York, 2004 ISBN 0-679-64397-9 Tr Gil Fronsdal, Shambhala, Boston, Massachusetts, 2005 ISBN 1-59030-380-6 Tr Amitov Katz?, ed Rosemary Bryant, Astrolog Publishing House, Hod Hasharon, Israel, 2005 Tr Bhikkhu Varado, Inward Path, Malaysia, 2007; Dhammapada in English Verse See also online translations listed below. Notes ^ Buddhist Studies Review, 6, 2, 1989, page 153, reprinted in Norman, Collected Papers, volume VI, 1996, Pali Text Society, Bristol, page 156 ^ See, for instance, Buswell 2003: ranks among the best known Buddhist texts p. 11; and, one of the most popular texts with Buddhist monks and laypersons p. 627. Harvey 2007, p. 322, writes: Its popularity is reflected in the many times it has been translated into Western languages; Brough 2001, p. xvii, writes: The collection of Pali ethical verses entitled Dhammapada is one of the most widely known of early Buddhist texts. ^ Pertinent episodes allegedly involving the historic Buddha are found in the commentary Buddharakkhita Bodhi, 1985, p. 4. In addition, a number of the Dhammapada's verses are identical with text from other parts of the Pali tipitaka that are directly attributed to the Buddha in the latter texts. For instance, Dhammapada verses 3, 5, 6, 328-330 can also be found in MN 128 ÑÄ?ṇamoli Bodhi, 2001, pp. 1009-1010, 1339 n. 1187. ^ Harvey 2007, p. 322, line v.b., refers to the Dhammapada as a popular collection of 423 pithy verses of a largely ethical nature. Similarly, Brough 2001's preface p. xvii starts: The collection of Pali ethical verses entitled Dhammapada is one of the most widely known of early Buddhist texts. ^ Geiger 2004, p. 19, para. 11.2 writes: More than half the verses may be found also in other canonical texts. The compiler of the Dhammapada however certainly did not depend solely on these canonical texts but also made use of the great mass of pithy sayings which formed a vast floating literature in India. In a similar vein, Hinüber 2000, p. 45, para. 90 remarks: The contents of the Dhammapada are mainly gnomic verses, many of which have hardly any relation to Buddhism. ^ Buddhist Studies Review, 6, 2, 1989, page 153, reprinted in Norman, Collected Papers, volume VI, 1996, Pali Text Society, Bristol, page 156 ^ Brough 2001. The original manuscript is believed to have been written in the first or second century CE. ^ See, e.g., Cone 1989. ^ Hinüber 2000, p. 45, para. 89, notes: More than half of the Dhammapada verses have parallels in corresponding collections in other Buddhist schools, frequently also in non-Buddhist texts. The interrelation of these different versions has been obscured by constant contamination in the course of the text transmission. This is particularly true in case of one of the Buddhist Sanskrit parallels. The UdÄ?navarga originally was a text corresponding to the PÄ?li UdÄ?na.... By adding verses from the Dhp Dhammapada it was transformed into a Dhp parallel in course of time, which is a rare event in the evolution of Buddhist literature. ^ Brough 2001, pp. 23-30. After considering the hypothesis that these texts might lack a common ancestor, Brough 2001, p. 27, conjectures: On the evidence of the texts themselves it is much more likely that the schools, in some manner or other, had inherited from the period before the schisms which separated them, a definite tradition of a Dharmapada-text which ought to be included in the canon, however fluctuating the contents of this text might have been, and however imprecise the concept even of a 'canon' at such an early period. The differing developments and rearrangements of the inherited material would have proceeded along similar lines to those which, in the Brahmanical schools, produced divergent but related collections of texts in the different Yajur-veda traditions. He then continues: ... When only the common material is considered, a comparison of the Pali Dhammapada, the Gandhari text, and the Udanavarga, has produced no evidence whatsoever that any one of these has any superior claim to represent a 'primitive Dharmapada' more faithfully than the others. Since the contrary appears to have been assumed from time to time, it is desirable to say with emphasis that the Pali text is not the primitive Dharmapada. The assumption that it was would make its relationship to the other texts altogether incomprehensible. ^ English chapter titles based on Müller 1881. ^ a b Pali retrieved 2008-03-28 from Bodhgaya News formerly, La Trobe U. starting at http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=record=7150, and from MettaNet - Lanka at http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/5Khuddaka-Nikaya/02Dhammapada/index.html. ^ Brough 2001 orders the chapters of the Gandhari Dharmapada as follows: I. BrÄ?hmaṇa; II. Bhiká¹£u; III. TṛṣṇÄ?; IV. PÄ?pa; V. Arhant; VI. MÄ?rga; VII. ApramÄ?da; VIII. Citta; IX. BÄ?la; X. JarÄ?; XI. Sukha; XII. Sthavira; XIII. Yamaka; XIV. Paṇá¸?ita; XV. BahuÅ›ruta; XVI. PrakÄ«rṇaka ?; XVII. Krodha; XVIII. Pruá¹£pa; XIX. Sahasra; XX. Śīla ?; XXI. Ká¹›tya ?; XXII. NÄ?ga, or AÅ›va ?; XXIII. - XVI. Lost. Parenthesized question marks are part of Brough's titles. Cone 1989 orders the chapters of the Patna Dharmapada as follows: 1. Jama; 2. ApramÄ?da; 3. BrÄ?hmaṇa; 4. Bhiká¹£u; 5. Attha; 6. Åšoka; 7. KalyÄ?ṇī; 8. Puá¹£pa; 9. Tahna; 10. Mala; 11. BÄ?la; 12. Daṇá¸?a; 13. Åšaraṇa; 14. KhÄ?nti; 15. Ä€sava; 16. VÄ?cÄ?; 17. Ä€tta; 18. DadantÄ«; 19. Citta; 20. MÄ?gga; 21. Sahasra; 22. Uraga. Sources Brough, John 2001. The Gandhari Dharmapada. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. Buswell, Robert E. ed. 2003. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0028657189. Cone, Margaret transcriber 1989. Patna Dharmapada in the Journal of the Pali Text Society Vol. XIII, pp. 101-217. Oxford: PTS. Retrieved 06-15-2008 from Ancient Buddhist Texts at http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Buddhist-Texts/C5-Patna/index.htm. On-line text interspersed with Pali parallels compiled by Ä€nandajoti Bhikkhu 2007. Geiger, Wilhelm trans. by Batakrishna Ghosh 1943, 2004. PÄ?li Literature and Language. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. ISBN 81-215-0716-2. Harvey, Peter 1990, 2007. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31333-3. Hinüber, Oskar von 2000. A Handbook of PÄ?li Literature. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016738-7. Müller, F. Max 1881. The Dhammapada Sacred Books Of The East, Vol. X. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-04-02 from WikiSource at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dhammapada_Muller. ÑÄ?ṇamoli, Bhikkhu trans. Bhikkhu Bodhi ed. 2001. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima NikÄ?ya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-072-X. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Dhammapada Translations: Buddharakkhita, Acharya trans. 1985. The Dhammapada: The Buddha's Path of Wisdom. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2008-03-27 from BuddhaNet at http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/scrndhamma.pdf. Dhammapada in English Verse by Bhikkhu Varado 2008 by John Richards 1993 by Thomas Byrom 1993 by Max Müller 1881 at Access to Insight Detailed word-by-word translation of the Dhammapada, including explanation of grammar Part of Pali Study Course. 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