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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Buddhism This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. August 2007 For a general discussion of the concept, see Dharma. Part of a series on Buddhism Portal of Buddhism History Timeline - Buddhist councils Major Figures Gautama Buddha Disciples · Later Buddhists Concepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Karma - Nirvana Three marks of existence Skandha · Cosmology Samsara · Rebirth · Dharma Dependent Origination Practices and Attainment Buddhahood · Bodhisattva Four Stages of Enlightenment PÄ?ramitÄ?s · Mation · Laity Precepts · Three Jewels Countries and Regions Bhutan · Cambodia · China India · Indonesia · Japan Korea · Laos · Malaysia Mongolia · Burma · Nepal Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam Western countries Schools TheravÄ?da · MahÄ?yÄ?na VajrayÄ?na Early and Pre-sectarian Texts Pali Canon · Tibetan Canon Chinese Canon Related topics Comparative Studies Cultural elements This box: view talk Dhamma PÄ?li: धमà¥?म or Dharma Sanskrit: धरà¥?म in Buddhism has two primary meanings: the teachings of the Buddha which lead to enlightenment the constituent factors of the experienced world In East Asia, the character for Dharma is 法, pronounced fÇŽ in Mandarin and hÅ? in Japanese. The Tibetan translation of this term is chos Tibetan: ཆོས་; Lhasa dialect IPA: tÉ•Ç¿Ê”. In Mongolian dharma is translated as nom, which is noteworthy since it ultimately derives from the Greek word νομος nomos law. Contents 1 The Buddha's teachings 2 The Buddha's Dharma Body 3 Qualities of Buddha Dharma 4 Dharmas in Buddhist phenomenology 5 Meanings of Dharma The Buddha's teachings What is called Buddhism in the west has been referred to in India the teachings' place of origin and the east generally for many centuries as buddha-dharma. This term has no sectarian connotations but simply means Path of Awakening and thus conforms to a universal understanding of dharma. Dharma usually refers inclusively not just to the sayings of the Buddha but to the later traditions of interpretation and addition that the various schools of Buddhism have developed to help explain and expand upon the Buddha's teachings. The 84,000 different teachings the Kangyur/bka.'gyur that the Buddha gave to various types of people based on their needs. The teachings are expedient means of raising doubt in the hearer's own cherished beliefs and view of life; when doubt has opened the door to the truth, the teaching can be put aside. Alternately, dharma may be seen as an ultimate and transcendent truth which is utterly beyond worldly things, somewhat like the Christian logos, seeing the dharma as referring to the truth or ultimate reality or the way things are. The Dharma is one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism of which practitioners of Buddhism seek refuge in what one relies on for his/her lasting happiness. The three jewels of Buddhism are the Buddha mind's perfection of enlightenment, the Dharma teachings and methods, and the Sangha awakened beings who provide guidance and support. The Buddha's Dharma Body The qualities of the Dharma Law, truth is the same as the qualities of the Buddha and forms his truth body or Dhamma Kaya: In the Samyutta Nikaya, Vakkali Sutta, Buddha said to his disciple Vakkali that, Yo kho Vakkali dhammaṃ passati so maṃ passati O Vakkali, whoever sees the Dhamma, sees me the Buddha Another reference from the Agganna Sutta of the Digha Nikaya, says to his disciple Vasettha: TathÄ?gatassa h'etam Vasettha adivacanam Dhammakayo iti pi ...: O Vasettha! The Word of Dhammakaya is indeed the name of the Tathagata Qualities of Buddha Dharma The Teaching of the Buddha also has six supreme qualities: SvÄ?kkhÄ?to Sanskrit: SvÄ?khyÄ?ta well proclaimed. The Dhamma is not a speculative philosophy, but is the Universal Law found through enlightenment and is preached precisely. Therefore it is excellent in the beginning sÄ«la - Sanskrit śīla - moral principles, excellent in the middle samÄ?dhi - concentration and excellent in the end paññÄ? - Sanskrit prajñÄ? . . . Wisdom. Sandiá¹á¹hiko Sanskrit: SÄ?ṃdṛṣá¹ika able to be examined. The Dhamma can be tested by practice and therefore he who follows it will see the result by himself through his own experience. AkÄ?liko Sanskrit: AkÄ?lika immediate. The Dhamma is able to bestow timeless and immediate results here and now, for which there is no need to wait until the future or next existence. Ehipassiko Sanskrit: EhipaÅ›yika which you can come and see -- from the phrase ehi, paÅ›ya come, see!. The Dhamma welcomes all beings to put it to the test and come see for themselves. Opanayiko Sanskrit: Avapraṇayika leading one close to. The Dhamma is capable of being entered upon and therefore it is worthy to be followed as a part of one's life. In the Vishuddhimagga this is also referred to as Upanayanam. Paccattaṃ vabbo viññūhi Sanskrit: PratyÄ?tmaṃ vavyo vijñaiḥ To be personally known by the wise. The Dhamma can be perfectly realized only by the noble disciples Ariyas who have matured and enlightened enough in supreme wisdom. Knowing these attributes, Buddhists believe that they will attain the greatest peace and happiness through the practice of the Dhamma. Each person is therefore fully responsible for himself to put it in the real practice. Here the Buddha is compared to an experienced and skilful doctor, and the Dhamma to proper medicine. However efficient the doctor or wonderful the medicine may be, the patients cannot be cured unless they take the medicine properly. So the practice of the Dhamma is the only way to attain the final deliverance of NibbÄ?na. These teachings ranged from understanding karma PÄ?li: kamma cause and effect and developing good impressions in one's mind, to reach full enlightenment by recognizing the nature of mind. Dharmas in Buddhist phenomenology Other uses include dharma, normally spelled in transliteration with a small d this differentiation is impossible in the South Asian scripts used to write Sanskrit, which refers to a phenomenon or constituent factor of human experience. This was gradually expanded into a classification of constituents of the entire material and mental world. Rejecting the substantial existence of permanent entities which are qualified by possibly changing qualities, Buddhist Abhidharma philosophy, which enumerated seventy-five dharmas, came to propound that these constituent factors are the only type of entity that truly exists. This notion is of particular importance for the analysis of human experience: Rather than assuming that mental states inhere in a cognizing subject, or a soul-substance, Buddhist philosophers largely propose that mental states alone exist as momentary elements of consciousness, and that a subjective perceiver is assumed. One of the central tenets of Buddhism, is the denial of a separate permanent I, and is outlined in the three marks of existence. The three signs: 1. Duḥkha Pali: Dukkha - Suffering, 2. Anitya Pali: Anicca - Change/Impermanence, 3. AnÄ?tman Pali: Anatta - Non-self. At the heart of Buddhism, is the denial of a self or I and hence the delusion as a separate self-existing entity. Later, Buddhist philosophers like NÄ?gÄ?rjuna would question whether the dharmas momentary elements of consciousness truly have a separate existence of their own. ie Do they exist apart from anything else? Rejecting any inherent reality to the dharmas, he asked rhetorically: śūnyeá¹£u sarvadharmeá¹£u kim anantaṃ kim antavat kim anantam antavac ca nÄ?nantaṃ nÄ?ntavac ca kiṃ kiṃ tad eva kim anyat kiṃ Å›Ä?Å›vataṃ kim aÅ›Ä?Å›vataṃ aÅ›Ä?Å›vataṃ Å›Ä?Å›vataṃ ca kiṃ vÄ? nobhayam apyataḥ sarvopalambhapaÅ›amaḥ prapañcopaÅ›amaḥ Å›ivaḥ na kva cit kasyacit kaÅ›cid dharmo buddhena deÅ›itaḥ When all dharmas are empty, what is endless? What has an end? What is endless and with an end? What is not endless and not with an end? What is it? What is other? What is permanent? What is impermanent? What is impermanent and permanent? What is neither? Auspicious is the pacification of phenomenal metastasis, the pacification of all apprehending; There is no dharma whatsoever taught by the Buddha to whomever, whenever, wherever. -MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄ?rikÄ?, nirvÄ?ṇaparÄ«ká¹£Ä?, 25:22-24 Meanings of Dharma Dharma in the Buddhist scriptures has a variety of meanings, including phenomenon, and nature or characteristic. Dharma also means 'mental contents', and is paired with citta, which means heart/mind. In major sutras for example, the Mahasatipatthana sutra, the dharma/citta pairing is paralleled with the pairing of kaya body and vedana feelings or sensations, that which arise within the body but experienced through the mind. According to S. N. Goenka, teacher of Vipassana Mation, the original meaning of dhamma is dhareti ti dhamma, or that which is contained. Dharma is also used to refer to the teachings of the Buddha, not in the context of the words of one man, even an enlightened man, but as a reflection of natural law which was re-discovered by this man and shared with the world. A person who lives their life with an understanding of this natural law, is a dhammic person, which is often translated as righteous. v d e Buddhism topics History Timeline · Gautama Buddha · Buddhist councils · History of Buddhism in India · Decline of Buddhism in India · Ashoka the Great · Greco-Buddhism · Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Foundations Three Jewels Buddha, Dharma, Sangha · Four Noble Truths · Noble Eightfold Path · Nirvana · Middle Way Key Concepts Three Marks of Existence: Impermanence, Suffering, Not-self · Dependent Origination · Five Aggregates · Karma · Vipaka · Rebirth · Samsara · Defilements · Five Hindrances · Ten Fetters · Enlightenment Qualities · Perfections · JhÄ?na · Sense Bases · Four Great Elements · Renunciation · Bodhi · Parinirvana · Two truths doctrine · Emptiness · Bodhicitta · Bodhisattva · Buddha-nature · Bhumi · Trikaya Cosmology Ten spiritual realms · Six Realms Hell, Animal realm, Hungry Ghost realm, Asura realm, Human realm, Heaven · Three Spheres Practices Threefold Training: Morality, Concentration, Wisdom · Buddhist devotion · Taking refuge · Four Divine Abidings: Loving-kindness, Compassion, Sympathetic joy, Equanimity · Mindfulness · Merit · Puja: Offerings, Prostration, Chanting · Paritta · Generosity · Morality: Five Precepts, Eight Precepts, Ten Precepts, Bodhisattva vows, Patimokkha · Bhavana · Mation: Kammaá¹á¹hÄ?na, Recollection, Mindfulness of Breathing, Serenity mation, Insight mation, Shikantaza, Zazen, KÅ?an, Mandala, Tonglen, Tantra Attainment Types of Buddha · Bodhisattva · Four stages of enlightenment: Stream-enterer, Once-returner, Non-returner, Arahant Monasticism Monk · Nun · Novice monk · Novice nun · Anagarika · Ajahn · Sayadaw · Zen master · Roshi · Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Tulku · Householder · Lay follower · Disciple · Ngagpa Texts Tipitaka Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka, Commentaries · Mahayana sutras · Chinese Buddhist canon Tripitaka Koreana · Tibetan Buddhist canon Major Figures Gautama Buddha · SÄ?riputta · MahamoggallÄ?na · Ananda · Maha Kassapa · Buddhaghosa · Nagasena · Bodhidharma · Nagarjuna · Asanga · Padmasambhava · Dalai Lama Branches Theravada · Mahayana: Chan/Zen, Pure Land, Tendai, Nichiren, Madhyamaka, Yogacara · Vajrayana: Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon · Early Buddhist schools · Pre-sectarian Buddhism · Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana Countries Bhutan · Burma · Cambodia · China · India · Indonesia · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam · Western countries Comparative Buddhism Science · Psychology · Hinduism · Jainism · East Asian religions · Christianity · Theosophy · Gnosticism Lists Buddhists · Buddhas · Twenty-eight Buddhas · Bodhisattvas · Temples · Books · Buddhism-related topics · Terms and concepts Miscellaneous topics TathÄ?gata · Maitreya · AvalokiteÅ›vara Guan Yin · AmitÄ?bha · BrahmÄ? · MÄ?ra · Dhammapada · Visuddhimagga · Vinaya · Sutra · Abhidharma · Buddhist philosophy · Eschatology · Reality in Buddhism · God in Buddhism · Liturgical languages: Pali, Sanskrit · Dharma talk · Buddhist calendar · Kalpa · Buddhism and evolution · Buddhism and homosexuality · Fourteen unanswerable questions · Ethics · Culture · Monastic robe · Cuisine · Vegetarianism · Art · Greco-Buddhist art · Buddha statue · Budai · Symbolism Dharmacakra · Flag · Bhavacakra · Mantra Om mani padme hum · Prayer wheel · Mala · Mudra · Holidays · Vesak · Uposatha · Vassa · Architecture: Vihara, Wat, Stupa, Pagoda · Pilgrimage: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar · Bodhi tree · Mahabodhi Temple · Higher Knowledge · Supernormal Powers · Miracles of the Buddha · Physical characteristics of the Buddha · Family of the Buddha Category · Portal Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Dharma_Buddhism Categories: Buddhist terms | Mahayana Buddhism | Tibetan Buddhism | Buddhist philosophical conceptsHidden categories: Articles with statements since August 2007 | All articles with statements Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ پښتو Polski Português Română Romani РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 29 August 2008, at 12:05
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