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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Dhikr This article is about an Islamic term. For the Qur'anic software, see Zekr. Dhikr , ذکر Zikir in Turkish and Malay, Zikr in Urdu, Jikir in Bengali and Zekr in Persian Arabic pronouncement, invocation or remembrance is an Islamic practice that focuses on the remembrance of God. Dhikr as a devotional act often includes the repetition of the names of Allah, supplications and aphorisms from hadith literature, and sections of the Qur'an. Contents 1 Origins 2 Dhikr Beads 3 Sufi view 4 Source 5 External links Origins The origins of dhikr and its practice is an issue which is disputed within the Muslim community. While Muslims agree it has sanction in both the Qur'an and sunnah, its method is disputed with some considering types not mentioned in the above sources as bid'ah while others disagree. Dhikr Beads Known also as Misbaha, these are usually beads upon a string, 99 or 100 in number, which correspond to the Names of God in the Qur'an and other recitations. The beads are used to keep track of the number of recitations that make up the dhikr. Muslim inmates in the United States are allowed to utilize dhikr beads for therapeutic effects see, 1. This was a result of a successful action brought pursuant to 28 USC @ 1983 by Imam Hamzah S. Alameen in the State of New York against Thomas A. Coughlin III, the Department of Corrections arguing that prisoners have a First Amendment Constitutional right to use dhikr beads. Some Islamic scholars argue that using the beads are forbidden, however. Many claim that the usage of the fingers to count is better as that is what was practiced by Muhammad salla Allahu 'alaihi salaam.citation needed The issue is still hotly debated in some communities and there are a number of differing opinions on the matter. Sufi view The Sufi orders engage in ritualized dhikr ceremonies. Each order or lineage within an order has one or more forms for group dhikr, the liturgy of which may include recitation, singing, instrumental music, dance, costumes, incense, mation, ecstasy, and trance Touma 1996, p.162. Dhikr in a group is not limited to these rules but most often done on Thursday and/or Sunday nights as part of the institutional practice of most orders. Dhikr is sometimes accompanied with traditional instruments such as the Daf, Ney, Dombak, Tar lute, Setar lute, Santur, and so on. Recently, modern instruments have also been used to perform dhikr. A group dhikr ceremony in Arabic countries is usually called the hadrah. In Turkey the group ceremony is called Zikr-i Kiyam. The hadrah marks the climax of the Sufi's gathering regardless of any teaching or formal structure. Musically this structure includes several secular Arab genres and can last for hours. ibid, p.165 The hadrah section consists of the ostinato-like repetition of the name of God over which the soloist performs a richly ornamented song. Often the climax is reached through cries of Allah! Allah! or hu hu He! He!, with the participants bending forward while exhaling and stand straight while inhaling. Source Habib Hassan Touma 1996. The Music of the Arabs, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-88-8. Bruce Privratsky, Muslim Turkistan, p.104. Kabbani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham, Encyclopedia of Islamic Doctrine, Vol. 2, As-Sunnah Foundation of America, ISBN 1-87103-86-9,1995, p.2. External links More information about zikr and mation: Qalbi Zikr Dhikr of Rifai Sayyadi Dervishes Rifai Dhikr Oveyssi-Shahmaghsoudi Zekr - Aloud dhikr by Markaz Darulehsan Manchester - Hazrat Abu Anees v d e Tasawwuf Sufism Ideas: Ihsan Noor Maqaam Haal Manzil Yaqeen Fanaa Baqaa Haqiqa Marifa Nafs Sulook Lataif Cosmology Kashf Metaphysics Psychology Tajalli Philosophy Practices: Dhikr Hadhra Muraqaba Qawwali Sema Whirling Sufi orders: Chishti Mevlevi MurÄ«diyya Naqshbandi Qadri Rifa'i Shadhili Suhrawardi Tijani List of tariqas Early Known Sufis: Uwais Qarni Muhasibi Rabia Bayazid Junaid Dhun-Nun Hallaj Abolkheir Ghazali Kharaqani Jilani Moinuddin Suhrawardi Rifa'i Bakhtiar Kaki Baba Farid Ibn Arabi Shams Tabrizi Rumi Saadi Attar Shabistari Nizamuddin Auliya Ganj Bakhsh Baha-ud-Din Amir Khusro Nasiruddin Chirag-e-Delhi Safi Nimatullah Kubra Jami Jazouli Shah Waliullah Ata Allah Kaliyari Zarruq Yesevi Semnani Alf Sani Bhittai Haddad Bahu Sachal Qalander Notable Modern Sufis: Abdal Hakim Murad Nazim Haqqani Kabbani Nuh Keller Muhammad al-Maliki Abdalqadir Sufi Gohar Shahi Inayat Khan Azeemi Helminski Haeri Yaqubi Bayrak Tahir-ul-Qadri Vaughan-Lee Sufi studies: Aguéli Almqvist Burckhardt Chittick Corbin Ernst Frager Guénon Hixon Lindbom Lings Nasr Schimmel Sells Shah Schuon Topics in Sufism: Art Fiction History Music Poetry Shrines Texts Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Dhikr Categories: Sufism | Language and mysticismHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Svenska Türkçe This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 05:2
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