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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Diagram Sample flowchart representing the decision process to add a new article to . Sample flowchart representing the decision process to add a new article to . A diagram is a 2D geometric symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a 3D visualization which is then projected onto the 2D surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram. Contents 1 Overview 1.1 The term diagram 1.2 Characteristics 1.3 Applications 2 History 3 Main diagram types 4 Specific diagram types 4.1 A-D 4.2 E-H 4.3 I-L 4.4 M-P 4.5 R-U 4.6 V-Z 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Overview The term diagram Diagram has two meanings in common sense.1 A collective term for any visual information device, like the term illustration often used as a representative term, to stand for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs and tables. The specific class of visual display, that show qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links. The term diagram is used in both meanings in science. For example Michael Anderson 1997 stated diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not.2 On the other hand Richard K. Lowe 1993 defined diagrams as abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent, and only include the typical visual forms as area diagrams, flow charts, idea diagrams, and PERT charts.3 The word diagram is often coupled together with the word chart as in charts and diagrams, within the larger conceptual framework of qualitative rather than quantitative displays. Charts can contain both quantitative and qualitative information. The term charts and diagrams is specially meant to address one class of genre: the kind that communicates qualitative information.1 Characteristics Diagrams and charts, in contrast to computer graphics, technical illustrations, infographics, maps, and technical drawings, show abstract rather than literal representations of information.1 In essence diagrams are:1 visual formatting devices that do not display quantitative data, but rather relationships and abstract information represented by shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links. Diagrams are usually simplified figures, caricatures in a way, intended to convey essential meaning.3 According to Jan V. White 1984 the characteristics of a good diagram are elegance, clarity, ease, pattern, simplicity, and validity. Elegance for White means that what you are seeing in the diagram is the simplest and most fitting solution to a problem.4 Applications Diagrams and charts are very good at showing actions, processes, events and ideas. In addition, for a number of visually inclined people, charts and diagrams also provide a visual method of thinking out ideas. They are devices for persons or groups to use in decision-making. For computer programmers, structured diagrams offer precision, fast development, automated checking, key linkages, and above all, standardization.5 Diagrams, according to Lee E. Brasseur 2003, are essentially drawings with text. They consist of basic lines and shapes that convey an idea. The broad category of drawings in a larger sense can include very realistic portrayals of life or objects, but diagrams are a kind of drawing that tend to show a basic abstract structure rather than a more highly contextualized or detailed view. They can be thought of as providing something akin to the essence of a situation or an idea.1 History The earliest seeds of visualization, according to Michael Friendly 2008, arose in geometric diagrams, in tables of the positions of stars and other celestial bodies, and in the making of maps to aid in navigation and exploration. They origin from prehistoric times, and had there own appearances in every early civilisation. By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities were well-developed- the beginnings of the husbandry of visualization. The 17th century saw great new growth in theory and the dawn of practice, such as the rise of analytic geometry, theories of errors of measurement, the birth of probability theory, and the beginnings of demographic statistics and political arithmetic.6 Over the 18th and 19th centuries, numbers pertaining to people, and social, moral, medical, and economic statistics began to be gathered in large and periodic series. Moreover, the usefulness of these bodies of data for planning, for governmental response, and as a subject worth of study in its own right, began to be recognized. This was accompanied by a rise in visual thinking. Diagrams were used to illustrate mathematical proofs and functions, nomograms were developed to aid calculations, various graphic forms were invented to make the properties of empirical numbers. Their trends, tendencies, and distributions were more easily communicated, or accessible to visual inspection. As well, the close relation of the numbers of the state. The origin of the word statistics and its geography gave rise to the visual representation of such data on maps, now called thematic cartography.6 Main diagram types There are at least the following types of diagrams: Graph-based diagrams: these take a collection of items and relationships between them, and express them by giving each item a 2D position, while the relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items; examples of such techniques:See tree diagram network diagram flowchart Euler diagram, Venn diagram, existential graph Maps when stylized, e.g. the map of the London underground Chart-like diagram techniques, which display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values; examples: histogram, bar chart pie chart function graph scatter plot table / matrix Other types of diagrams, e.g. exploded view Thousands of diagram techniques exist. Some more examples follow. Specific diagram types A-D A Activity diagram used in UML and SysML B Bachman diagram Booch - used in software engineering Block diagram Block Definition Diagram BDD used in SysML Bubble Map - used in education Business IT Diagram BIT - used in business and IT modelling C Carnot cycle graph Cartogram Category theory diagrams Cause-and-effect diagram Circuit diagram Class diagram - from UML Collaboration diagram - from UML 1.x Communication diagram - from UML 2.0 Commutative diagram Component diagram - from UML Composite structure diagram - from UML Concept map Constellation diagram Context diagram Contour diagram Cross-functional flowchart D Database model diagram Data flow diagram Data structure diagram Dependency diagram Deployment diagram - from UML Dot and cross diagram Double bubble map - used in education List of modeling languages E-H E Entity-Relationship diagram ERD Event-driven process chain Euler diagram Express-G Extended Functional Flow Block Diagram EFFBD F Family tree Feynman diagram Fusion diagram Free body diagram G Gantt chart - shows the timing of tasks or activities used in project management Grotrian diagram H Hasse diagram HIPO diagram7 I-L I Internal Block Diagram IBD used in SysML IDEF0 IDEF1 entity relations Interaction Overview diagram - from UML Ishikawa diagram J Jackson diagram Johnston diagram K Karnaugh map Kinematic diagram L Line of balance M-P M Martin ERD Mind map - used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving N N2 Nassi-Shneiderman diagram or structogram - a representation for structured programming Nomogram O Object diagram - from UML P Package diagram from UML and SysML Parametric diagram from SysML PERT Petri net - shows the structure of a distributed system as a directed bipartite graph with annotations Piping and instrumentation diagram PID Phase diagram Plant Diagram Pourbaix diagram Process Flow diagram or PFD - used in chemical engineering Program Structure diagram R-U R Radial Diagram Requirement Diagram Used in SysML Rich Picture S Sankey diagram - represents material, energy or cost flows with quantity proportional arrows in a process network. Sentence diagram -- represents the grammatical structure of a natural language sentence. Sequence diagram from UML and SysML SDL/GR diagram - Specification and Description Language. SDL is a formal language used in computer science. Shlaer-Mellor - used in software engineering Smith chart Spider chart Spray diagram SSADM - Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology used in software engineering State diagram from UML and SysML Swim lane System context diagram System structure Systematic layout planning T Timing diagram TQM diagram U UML diagram - Unified Modeling Language used in software engineering Use case diagram - from UML and SysML V-Z V Value Stream Mapping Venn diagram Voronoi diagram W Warnier-Orr Y Yourdon-Coad - see Edward Yourdon, used in software engineering See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: diagrams Look up Diagram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Diagramming Diagrammatic reasoning List of graphical methods Mathematical diagram References ^ a b c d e Brasseur, Lee E. 2003. Visualizing technical information: a cultural critique. Amityville, N.Y: Baywood Pub. ISBN 0-89503-240-6. ^ Michael Anderson 1997. Introduction to Diagrammatic Reasoning. Retrieved 21 July 2008. ^ a b Lowe, Richard K. 1993. Diagrammatic information: techniques for exploring its mental representation and processing. Information Design Journal 7 1: 3-18. ^ White, Jan V. 1984. Using charts and graphs: 1000 ideas for visual persuasion. New York: Bowker. ISBN 0-8352-1894-5. ^ Martin, James Lenial; Carma L. McClure 1985. Diagramming techniques for analysts and programmers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-208794-4. ^ a b Michael Friendly 2008. Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization. ^ HIPO diagram Further reading Michael Anderson, Peter Cheng, Volker Haarslev Eds. 2000. Theory and Application of Diagrams: First International Conference, Diagrams 2000. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, September 1-3, 2000. Proceedings. v d e Visualization Fields Creative visualization · Chemical imaging · Crime mapping · Data visualization · Educational visualization · Flow visualization · Geovisualization · Information visualization · Medical imaging · Music visualization · Product visualization · Scientific visualization · Software visualization · Volume visualization Image types Chart · Computer graphics · Diagram · Graph of a function · Ideogram · Illustration · Information graphics · Map · Photograph · Pictogram · Statistical graphics · Table · Technical drawing Experts Jacques Bertin · Stuart Card · Thomas A. DeFanti · Michael Friendly · Nigel Holmes · Jock D. Mackinlay · Michael Maltz · Bruce H. McCormick · Charles Joseph Minard · Otto Neurath · William Playfair · Clifford A. Pickover · Arthur H. Robinson · Lawrence J. Rosenblum · Adolphe Quetelet · George G. Robertson · Ben Shneiderman · Edward Tufte Related topics Cartography · Computer graphics · Graph drawing · Graphic design · Imaging science · Information science · Mental visualisation · Neuroimaging · Spatial analysis · Visual analytics · Visual communication · Visual perception Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Diagram Categories: Infographics | Diagrams Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Ido Italiano Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 13:53
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