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14-September-2008 12:50:30 - Differential diagnosis June 2008 This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. August 2008 This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. Medicine or the Medicine Portal may be able to help recruit one. If a more appropriate or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. August 2008 A differential diagnosis sometimes abbreviated DDx, ddx, or ΔΔ is a systematic method used to identify unknowns. This method, essentially a process of elimination, is used by taxonomists to identify living organisms and by physicians to diagnose the specific disease in a patient. Not all medical diagnoses are differential ones: some diagnoses merely name a set of signs and symptoms that may have more than one possible cause, and some diagnoses are based on intuition or estimations of likelihood. Contents 1 Process 2 Machine differential diagnosis 3 Use in popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Process The term differential derives from the word difference. A careful differential diagnosis involves first making a list of possible diagnoses, then attempting to remove diagnoses from the list until at most one diagnosis remains. In some cases there will remain no diagnosis; this suggests the physician has made an error, or that the true diagnosis is unknown to medicine. Removing diagnoses from the list is done by making observations and using tests that should have different results, depending on which diagnosis is correct. Differential diagnosis is the process whereby a given condition or circumstance, called the presenting problem or chief complaint, is examined in terms of underlying causal factors and concurrent phenomena as discerned by appropriate disciplinary perspectives and according to several theoretical paradigms or frames of reference, and compared to known categories of pathology or exceptionality. Differential diagnosis allows the physician to: more clearly understand the condition or circumstance assess reasonable prognosis plan treatment or intervention for the condition or circumstance enable the patient and the family to integrate the condition or circumstance into their lives, until the condition or circumstance may be ameliorated, if possible. If the patient's condition does not improve, the diagnosis must be reassessed. The method of differential diagnosis was first suggested for use in the diagnosis of mental disorders by Emil Kraepelin. It is more systematic than the old-fashioned method of diagnosis by gestalt impression.citation needed The method of differential diagnosis is based on the idea that you begin by first considering the statistically more probable diagnoses. Medical students are taught the adage, When you hear hoofbeats in Texas, think horses, not zebras. It means that only after more probable diagnoses are ruled out do the somewhat less likely ones considered, and so forth. It used to be that doctors ordered only particular blood tests, but now the standard is a full blood chemistry profile which can speed up the process of diagnosis as well as uncover sub-clinical conditions. With the advent of better radiological studies like MRI and the wider use of nuclear medicine, it has become more likely that there will be unexpected findings that will be further studied, despite the fact that the findings will not be supported by further investigation. They are a valuable tool, but not infallible. It still often takes a physicians or medical team to track down either a more common illness with a rare presentation or a rare illness with symptoms suggestive of many other conditions. Sometimes a definitive diagnosis might take years. Differential diagnosis also refers simply to a list of the most common causes of a given symptom, or a list of disorders similar to a given disorder; or such lists when they are annotated with advice on how to narrow down the list the book French's differential diagnosis is an example.citation needed Thus, a differential diagnosis in this sense is medical information specially organized to aid in diagnosis. The professional Merck Manual of medical diagnosis has 11 index entries describing the topic as differential diagnosis. The topic is mentioned within the body of 125 other separate articles on various medical conditions. Machine differential diagnosis Machine differential diagnosis is the use of computer software to partly or fully make a differential diagnosis. It may be regarded as an application of artificial intelligence. However, these tools all still require advanced medical skills, in order to rate the symptoms and choose additional tests to deduce the probabilities of different diagnoses. Thus, non-professionals still need to see a health care provider in order to get a proper diagnosis. Use in popular culture The television show House, M.D. focuses on a team of diagnosticians that use differential diagnosis to identify patients' varied afflictions. See also List of medical symptoms Medical sign Notes References Look up wiktionary:1|1 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. differential diagnosis. Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 12 Aug. 2007. Dictionary.com. differential diagnosis. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 12 Aug. 2007. Dictionary.com. differential diagnosis. Google search of the online Merck Manual. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis Categories: Medical termsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2008 | Articles lacking in-text citations | Medicine articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention since August 2008 | Pages needing expert attention | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Nederlands This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 02:3
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